Tag Archives: Genera

Misc: Formnext 2024

by Rene K. Mueller · published November 26, 2024 Technology 3D Printing Nerd, Anycubic, ApexMaker, Bigtree Tech, Dual-Color Photoinitiator, Elegoo, Fooke, Formlabs, Formnext, Formnext 2024, Genera, Joel Telling, Jon Schone, Kokoni Sota, MELD, Meltio, Micro Factory, Modix, Mosaic, Moxin, NTUST, Proper Printing, Prusa Research, Quantica, Stratasys, Tony Lock, TUM, Twotrees, UniFormation, WASP, Xolo, Xolography

Updates:

2024/11/26: published
2024/11/23: finishing up, ready for publication
2024/11/21: starting write-up

Introduction

Formnext 2024 in Frankfurt/Main (Germany)

Once again in fall (November 19-22, 2024) Formnext expo opened its doors, and I attended for 2 1/2 days – here my brief write-up and reflection of my experience.

Formlabs

Formlabs made an interesting move: it abandoned the SLA (laser-based) to MSLA (UV light & LCD masking) resin printing with their Form 4 series (Form 4 & Form 4L), so I briefly visited their booth:

I highly recommend the taking apart of the Form 4 by Shane Wighton / Stuff Made Here to get to know all the engineering work which went into the new series.

See more at Formlabs.com

Shenzen Jiexinhua Technology Co. Ltd (SOVOL)

The company behind the commercialization of the VORON series with their SOVOL printers, SOVOL 08 or SV08, a Core XY 350x350x450mm build volume, priced at 550 EUR.

See more at Sovol3d.com

Micro Factory

A small german startup Micro Factory automated the resin printing (incl. washing & curing) within a single case:

Here a brief video of the process (with german commentary in the background):

printing with resin vat
moving plate into isopropyl alcohol (IPA) vat
moving plate to curing position & drying with fans
detaching magnetic plate via electromagnetic release

See more at Micro-Factory.de

So far only Genera‘s G3 does something similar where washing & curing is done in the same case/apparatus.

Prusa Research

Prusa Research announced at the Formnext their new Prusa Core One, a Core XY with 250x220x270mm build volume, nozzle temp. max 300°C, chamber temp. max 55°C, priced at EUR 1,350, with the ability to uprade from MK4S, available later in 2025.

And the official announcement of Prusa Core One:

While I attended the Formnext, Hackaday published a sobering analysis on Prusa’s Open Source stand: With Core ONE, Prusa’s Open Source Hardware Dream Quietly Dies (2024/11/20).

One may argue, Prusa reached a state of commercial success, that it can’t afford to support low-cost chinese replicas of their invention, exactly as it happened to Makerbot and Ultimaker – and both stopped innovate, and recently merged – let’s see if Prusa will thrive in hardware innovation the coming years or lay back as well.

Open Source Software seems more tolerable to commercial pressure: Prusa Slicer still actively developed and forked many times, and so the Cura Slicer by UltiMaker; both slicers enable countless university labs and commercial engineering offices to develop new hardware and having an Open Source implementation of reliable slicers with a ton of detail knowledge embedded when one studies the source code.

See more at Prusa-Research.com

UniFormation

Rather unknown brand to me caught my attention the past year due to high praise from various YouTube reviewers: the older GKTwo (228x128x245mm @30um) ~670 EUR and the new GK3 Ultra (300x160x300mm @20x26um) ~1,200 EUR.

integrated heating system at 35°C
resin feeding system & resin weight measuring
built-in air filter

Industrial-level features while maintaining consumer pricing.

See more at UniFormation3d.com

ApexMaker

The booth featured Pengji (LCD maker) and Apex Maker (MSLA printers) together, so I assumed they are the same business with different brands with LCD making as core business – a representative at the booth confirmed my guess – so aside making UV LCDs they started to produce their own series of MSLA 3D printers:

ApexMaker X1: 353x198x400mm @46um pixel resolution
ApexMaker X1 Mini: 223x126x210mm @17um
ApexMaker X2: 285x214x400mm @25um
ApexMaker X2 Mini: 152x87x210mm @17um

Plus their own branded resins, curing and washing stations, see more at Apex-Maker.com

Elegoo

This year Elegoo released Mars 5 Ultra and the Saturn 4 Ultra which have tilting vat alike the Prusa SL1S which decreases layer print time (curing + detaching from film) down to apprx. 5 secs; so I was eyeing to get a Saturn 4 Ultra.

Thursday morning I revisited the booth and asked about whether Saturn 4 Ultra would permit to put a magnet flex plate on it – which would change the Z offset for homing, and two representatives explained to me it would be a bad idea as the home aka zero Z-position would fail, and one would require the change the “G-code” in the firmware (which is closed-source) . . . in other words, the Z offset or home position is somehow hard coded and doesn’t use pressure sensor to calibrate home (this Reddit thread shows Chitubox Slicer allows to alter the homing G-code, LycheeSlicer doesn’t have this option) – the usual rabbit hole.

See more at Elegoo.com

Anycubic

My resin printing farm is composed by Anycubic printers (Mono 4K, X2 and 6Ks), mainly due the diverse third party market for replacement and add-ons, so I was checking out their new Photon Mono M7 Max (298x164x300mm @46um) priced at EUR 900 (2024/11).

I was hoping Anycubic would also implementing tilting vat to decrease the print time and allow more delicate prints due more gentle / gradual detaching from the film with the tilting motion – so far not yet.

See more at Anycubic.com

Fooke & MELD

This basic looking booth I consider a gem among a few others at Formnext 2024, a sample of massive piece which was extruded with aluminium below the melting point using Additive Friction Stir Deposition (AFSD) procedure and yet creating a fully solid piece where layers fully bond – their main photo (1st photo below) or illustration at the booth was deceptive small at first sight, but after looking twice, I realized the entire machine “Fooke AM50” is over ~6m long with a huge build volume of 6 x 3.5 x 1.5m, and aluminium, magnesium, copper, steel and titanium as possible materials, with build rates up to 15kg/h – and all extruded in normal room atmosphere and temperature.

Following video gives an impression of AFSD & FSW based extrusion by MELD (unfortunately the audio is quite silent in most parts):

See more at Fooke Machines.com and MELDManufacturing.com

Spherene

A few weeks I wrote about them already, so I briefly visited their booth as well:

By chance I saw a small table printed with Spherene structure at the 3D Systems booth:

Spherene Side Table
Technology: Stereolithography (SLA)
Material: Accura® AMX Tough FR V0
Software: 3D Sprint®

Long-term environmental stability (tested to 8 years indoor and 1.5 years outdoor mechanical performance per ASTM)

Designed by Peter Donders for:

– Material optimization
– Increased structural strength
– Customization and unique aesthetics

Thermoplastic-like mechanical performance including ductility and elongation at yield

Surface finish comparable to injection molded plastics

And here a brief feature from Formnext 2024 by AM:

See more at Spherene.ch, and also featured in the Joel Telling (3D Printing Nerd) Formnext 2024 stream.

Stratasys

The grumpy grandfather of 3D Printing:

grumpy, because of the patent collection which caused the 20 year delay for others to be able to adapt major extrusion technologies, once they expired the “3D printing era” actually started with affordable 3d printers (MakerBot, Ultimaker, Prusa, and all the chinese replicates) and many prosumer derivates
grandfather, because it’s truly the beginning of extrusion-based 3D printing / additive manufacturing

See more at Stratasys.com

Chinese Maker Source

A couple of chinese manufacturers providing DIY 3D printer parts:

See more at

WASP

WASP has been around for quite a while with their expertise to extrude clay with their Delta printers but also industrial robots:

See more at 3D Wasp.com

Modix

Modix extended their offers from previous years with primary focus on cost-effective large build volume FDM/FFF printers, e.g up to 2m in Z:

See more at Modix3d.com

Moxin (Huzhou) Tech. Co. Ltd.

The cylindrical shape of a 3D printer caught my attention, and on the 2nd sight I saw it was a Positron-like setup of printing upside down, the Kokoni Sota printer:

I briefly spoke with Tianrun Chen and he explained when printing upside down, less support material required, and therefore developed their own support generation method which reduces material by 20-50%.

210x200x230mm build volume
up to 300°C nozzle temperature
optional multi material systems (also in cyndrical case)

See more at Kokoni3d.com

National Taiwan University of Science & Technology (NTUST)

The little booth, and the walls where full of large scale posters with a lot of information, so I stopped and began to absorb the information – in particular the mention of TPMS caught my attention.

So, one of their invention is a resin which when it is baked at 120°C it increases in size XYZ 2x – therefore in volume 8x – which they named “Foaming Resin Printing“, the sample prints like the bike helmet or even the small TPMS Schwarz P cube was incredible light compared to its size.

Another invention is printing TPMS like Schwarz P and then fill the partial closed P cells with a foaming agent, they call this process “Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing using Hybrid 3D Printing and Filling Process” (see non-free paper) – in case of the Schwarz P TPMS the cells are interconnected and spherical, so the agent flows into all captivities quickly as “Liquid Filled Closed Cell Lattice Structures” – and reduces print time while increase stiffness / strength – kind of combining Additive Manufacturing with Mold Injection method.

3D printing closed cells with injection of secondary material

Another achievement is their 32″ (697x392x500mm build volume) and 50″ (1,150x600x500mm build volume) large LCD/MSLA resin printers, with new film coating of better release of the cured layers, although we couldn’t get into the deep details of it. See this non-free paper and this paper for details about the 32″ resin printer.

I could easily spent an hour to explore their different projects and the benefits of those 3 distinct inventions alone. See more at NTUST.edu.tw and its High Speed Printing research center, in particular follow Mayur Prajapati.

TUM (Technical University of Munich)

The TUM had a very prominent and large booth with many departments and many samples shown:

What caught my attention was the “Infinity Node” made from ~1mm gravel, it was printed using SLS-like printing: Particle-Bed 3D Printing by Selective Cement Paste Intrusion (SPI), using concrete as a binder to connect the small gravel together. The “Force-flow Optimized Node” (brown triangular truss shape) was done using Particle-Bed 3D printing by Selective Cement Activation (SCA).

The other samples were “Molten Metal Jetting” (Copper), “Functional Graded Material” using Plasma Directed Energy Deposition with Powder Feedstock, and “Laser Cladded TUM Logo” using Laser Metal Deposition (316L + Construction Steel).

See more at TUM Additive

Quantica

Quantica caught my attention 2-3 years ago, also at the Formnext, as I saw the modular fully voxel-exact jetting of material. Their core business was their printhead “NovoJet^TM” able to print high viscous materials, something other jetting printheads would not able to do.

This year I talked to Sven, and he explained to me that they broaden their application areas like exact glue jetting and other high viscous materials, as some industries saw their printheads as high precision material deposition, outside of the “3D printing / Additive Manufacturing” use cases – quite interesting how their core expertise found other applications.

Quantica Print Engine: circular motion of material kept under pressure

Again I asked for some 3D printed samples, and again I was denied any like the past 2 years (!!) – they said they don’t have any (or very few) but just for internal use; my main interest is to observe the actual blend or non-blend and then 3D dithering of materials and colors on drop level in order to explore new applications.

See more at Quantica.io

Xolo with Xube² & Xell Printer

An interesting approach, new to me, is Xolography, spatial printing in a resin – first a light sheet is established in the Z plane of 50um thickness, and then XY image is projected into the volume, different color/wavelength for each, and where the Z plane and the XY image light meet, there the photopolymerization takes place; it only works with highly transparent resins, more precisely dual-color photoinitiator (DCPIs), as otherwise the Z plane won’t reach all XY 2D image.

Xolography: UV light Z plane intersecting with XY plane with visible light

first wavelength (375 or 405 nm, UV light) activates the dormant initiator by triggering a spiropyran photoswitch (Z plane)
second visible wavelength (450-700 nm, visible light) excites the benzophenone component to initiate polymerization (XY plane)

So far they reached 50x89mm XY size, yet any size in Z including continuous Z printing.

They claim “no layer lines”, and told me they project a “video”, yet, a video has also n-amount of images e.g. a certain frame rate. What they rather mean is a continuous Z motion while they project their Z sliced XY images, and because the Z motion is continuous, the “layers” rather blend together and get smoothed out. They also don’t need any support structures, as the cured/solidified structure stays in-place and doesn’t sink.

Their requirement of highly transparent resin they derive one of their main use cases: 3D printed optics, and isotropic properties (angle independent strength, no deliminations), other resins they developed are bio-compatible and even soft and gel-like – quite an impressive achievement.

Currently they have two machines available:

Xube²: 10x18mm (@5um feature resolution) up to 50x89mm (@25um feature resolution) x80mm, apprx. 6mm/min in Z, feature size 5-25um as mentioned, although 50um lightsheet width/thickness, so the “feature size” more applies to XY than Z
Xell: 10x17x10mm build volume, @10um feature size

This process has been new to me as mentioned, but while researching I realized it has been around since 2020 or so, when this paper was published.

See more at Xolo3d.com; see also a section of Joel Telling (3D Printing Nerd) Formnext 2024 stream.

Asahi Kasei

They showed a bio-attributed Cellulose Nano Fiber (CNF) made from cotton fibres, and then reinforced polyamide PA66 into a filament named CNF/ECONYL® Polymer with extended heat resistance, strength (performing better than carbon fiber), smoothness and formability – actual details of measurements are missing to backup those claims – according their announcement the material becomes available in Q3 2025.

While their booth has been very small and unassuming, the company has nearly 50,000 employees world-wide.

See more at Asahi KASEI and especially this announcement.

Genera

As far I saw they are one of few which makes resin printers which print, wash and cure in the same machine (Genera G3), where as their G1+F1 and G2+F2 they call “glove free process with shuttle technology and automated post-processing”, where the build plate is carried over in an encasing “glove free” to wash and cure station (F1 respectively F2).

Genera G1 + F1: 134 x 76 x 140mm build volume @70um pixel resolution
Genera G2 + F2: same as G1 plus automatic platform change for queued printing
- 153-384 x 87-216 x 320mm build volume (@40, 70 or 100um pixel resolution)
Genera G3: same as G2 but has F2 integrated, print, wash & cure in one machine
- 268-384 x 153-216 x 320mm build volume (@70, 100um pixel resolution)

Genera G3 (3D Model): (left-to-right) resin vat, washing vat, and curing vat

See more at Genera3d.com

Meltio

Printing metal poses the biggest challenge in my eyes as you have to put immense amount of energy to deform metal, while maintain or desire high degree of precision. So Meltio focuses on Directed Energy Deposition (DED) and Wire-Laser Metal Deposition (W-LMD): stainless steel, carbon steel, titanium alloys, nickel alloys, copper and aluminium:

Their sample prints are massive, and quite rough compared (0.8-1.2mm wire diameter) to Selective Laser Melting (SLM, powder-based) models where we get 50um feature size.

Their “Engine Blue Integration Kit” integrates into existing CNC machines making it hybrid operation and achieve traditional CNC tolerances and feature size – one of the many examples where Additive & Subtractive Manufacturing are put together with their respective strengths.

See more at Meltio3d.com

Fraunhofer

Fraunhofer is a prominent research institute in Germany, with multiple booths displaying cutting edge AM methods – I didn’t have the time to dig deeper into their samples, somehow nothing stood out prominently, or it was vaguely explained at first sight unlike at other booths.

See more at Fraunhofer.de

Markforged

That booth was crowded most of the times, so I did only pass by – so far the FX10 caught briefly my attention:

375x300x300mm build volume
FDM/FFF operating with
- Metal: Metal Fused Filament (MFFF) with sintering post-processing, or
- Composites: other composites incl. Continuous Carbon Fiber (CCF)

See more at Markforged.com

DMG Mori

Whenever I pass by their booth, the only thing I think is “car-sized 3D printers costing millions of EUR/USD”, it’s a different use-case from where I operate – as simple as that, and yet, still impressive what they achieved.

Lasertec 65 DED Hybrid: DED with CNC capability, with just 735x650x560mm build volume

Btw, its name comes from multiple mergers: DMG (Deckel, Maho, Gildemeister) and Japan’s Mori Seiki – a blend of german and japanese workmanship.

See more at DMG MORI

Mosaic

A few years back in 2017 they released their Mosaic Palette, splicing (cutting and melding together) filaments ahead for a single filament yet achieving multi-color with a single nozzle without material waste. Meanwhile they massively scaled up their expertise and developed their own printers called Mosaic Element and print farm called Mosaic Array – and I admired the overall case design in simplicity how the filament cartridges are attached.

Element HT2 specs:

nozzle up to 500°C
build plate up to 120°C
build chamber up to 80°C
350x350x350mm build volume
up to 8 materials via filament cartridges
price starting at EUR 9,500

Their print farm is built on stacked printers, and a robot arm removing the built-plate with the printed piece and stack it below and refill the printers with empty build plates again.

See more at MosaicMFG.com

Miscellaneous

3D Printing Nerd

While roaming in the halls, I recognized a few YouTubers like Ross Graham (FauxHammer), Jon Schone (Proper Printing) and also Joel Telling (3D Printing Nerd):

Here his marathon live-stream at Formnext 2024:

Among others were also Xolo with the Xolography light printers, Spherene with Daniel Bachmann, Josef Prusa showing the Prusa Core One, and Stratasys representative featuring SAF H350 able to process used powder with High-Energy Absorption Fluid (HAF) with Selective Absorption Fusion (SAF).

Tony Lock (Duet) & Jon Schone (Proper Printing)

As I was visiting the booth of OST (Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences) & Spherene I met Jon Schone (Proper Printing) and Tony Lock (Duet3D) and we had a brief talk on multi-axis firmware & slicing and parallel printing as Jon showed in his video with a multi-gantry setup – I’m currently composing/writing on a blog-post about parallel/concurrent printing with multiple nozzles so I was keen to briefly exchange thoughts on this topic.

Tony Lock (Duet3D) & Jon Schone (Proper Printing) – Formnext 2024

Reflection

Formnext is an overwhelming expo on all things on Additive Manufacturing, and this year less people and less exhibitors than last year. Also a few startups with big booths last year either had a small one (nTop, Inkbit, etc) or were no longer present. A couple of newcomers and startups, and some companies I have been following pushing their innovation further and exploring new applications, like Quantica.

I only stayed for 2 1/2 days (Tue-Thu) instead the full 4 days, as from last year I knew I wouldn’t be able to absorb more things with more time, there was only so much to take in. For me it was worth it, to reconnect with companies and individuals I know only online and via video calls.

The “3D Printing Hype” has peaked, the stock prices (state 2024/11/22) of Stratasys (8% or -92% of max), 3D Systems (8% or -92% of max), Desktop Metal (1.6% or -98.4% of max) or Nano Dimension (15% or -75% of max) have shown how much air and speculation was there, and now the sobering realism and use case are established. The same time MakerBot & Ultimaker merged, two exhausted 3D printer manufacturer without hardware innovation in the past years – yet Prusa, Creality, Elegoo, Anycubic still thrive on the pro- and consumer level with both FDM/FFF and MSLA resin printers, and BambuLab so successful that it caught Stratasys’s attention to sue them about patent infringements.

It’s clear to me, that Additive Manufacturing (AM) has its unique use-cases, whereas injection molds still dominate mass production due the high volume capacities and cost effective production. Additive Manufacturing may be a bland term (I like “3d printing” better), but there are still many possibilities to be explored, as Xolo or diverse university booths have shown – any kind of granular or liquid material is melted, extruded, jetted, cured or bound with an agent.

Hammer Man in Frankfurt/Main (Germany) – Symbol of a Maker

References

That’s it – see you perhaps in 2025 there.

Misc: Formnext 2023

by Rene K. Mueller · published November 13, 2023 Technology Duet3D, Formnext, Formnext 2023, Genera, Inductive Heating, Plasmics, Quantica, Reinforce3D, Spherene

Updates:

2023/11/13: published
2023/11/11: starting writeup

Introduction

Another year, another November in Frankfurt (Germany) and Formnext – this is the main event of the year professionally for me. As I reside in Switzerland the travel is fairly easy and short and the 770 exhibitors in two halls (11 & 12) with two floors each is so overwhelming that even 4 days attending is not sufficient.

Day 1 (Tue, Nov 7): I spent an entire day to explore hall 12.1 alone, which turns out a good choice as it was a dense populated hall with many smaller companies
Day 2 (Wed, Nov 8): visiting with a client half of the day to review some of their possible competition, and then explore 12.0
Day 3 (Thu, Nov 9): some schedules meetings and then explore 11.0 and 11.1
Day 4 (Fri, Nov 10): revisiting 12.1 and 11.1 briefly, visiting with another client some selected booths to check products on display

I surely missed a few booths in 11.1 and 12.1 still; whereas 12.0 and 11.0 were more large scale industrial AM solutions, mixed with university and regional focused booths which I didn’t have time to explore in detail.

Personal Selection

I feature some companies according my personal professional interests:

Spherene (Math)

I made contact with Spherene before via LinkedIn but I realized I missed the point of what Spherene actually “invented”, at their booth Daniel Bachmann took the time to show me the features of their new class of minimal surface model and it was challenging for me to follow him despite of my own experience with Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS) – after apprx. 20 mins I realized the scope and some of their depth of their “invention”.

Spherene: sphere sample with variable porousity

In essence, the sphere is used as a base form, and density, wall thickness and other features are processed in a localized manner, filling the space. The main result doing is optimizing a form to distribute inner/outer forces, e.g. the ends of the spheres are perpendicular to the surface providing ideal way to distribute them into a network of thin walled interconnected spheres providing isotropic (“all directions”) property.

The samples on display were printed with MSLA, SLA, FFF/FDM or SLM were indeed very strong in relation to the printed volume, e.g. the hallow rabbit printed with resin barely gave in when pushing on the thin outer perimeter – impressive.

Their approach is available as cloud-based GUI or as Grasshopper/Rhino plugin. The actual details of their procedure isn’t easily found but a patent (WO2020229692A1) by CEO Christian Waldvogel gives some idea.

Genera (DLP Resin)

There are many MSLA/SLA/DLP printer manufacturers, yet, I wasn’t aware of Genera and I was shown their system, an integrated workflow:

all resin vats have a lid (only applies for G1/F1 combo but not their bigger machines), which are opened only within the machine
the finished prints (still on the plate) are moved in a box into the washing machine (without any person touching resin or the resin coated prints)
once automatically cleaned and post-cured, the prints are removed from the build plate manually

In essence one does not interact with resin directly, it’s all contained within the workflow – which I like a lot. They also provide wide selection of resins: hard, soft, rubbery, opaque, transparent/clear.

Genera

My idea has been to adapt some of their approach to make my own resin printing with Photon series (4K, X2 and X 6Ks); right now I also have multiple vats, and flex-plate, but moving the printed parts and washing them are still messy.

Quantica (Resin Jetting)

Last year I already visited the booth of Quantica, and so this year again. I asked earlier for printed samples, but they declined, and again this time . . . it is bizarre to see a machine actually able to print, and they don’t hand out samples, but I was told by January 2024 I might get some. This tells me a few things, the printed pieces are very sparse or not yet at the quality they want others to experience – some samples were on display, but sealed behind a glass box unable to have in my hand. So I guess now, they are expecting or already have better and more reliable printing results where the printed pieces match other similar printing processes.

I follow their development closely since ~2 years as I consider it very innovative to print with 7 different resin-based materials at the same time and able to fine-tune material properties on the voxel-level.

Quantica / q3d.io

Duet3D (Open Source Hardware & Community Building)

UK-based Duet3D with its Duet boards and RepRapFirmware (RRF) is, as I wrote before, a beacon within the Open Source Hardware community – it isn’t just an example for other companies, and but also a great synergy provider, aiming to bring different individuals, groups and companies together.

Brandon Builds’ Open 5X version was featured on a Voron 0, and a second machine also 5-axis setup with a tool changer.

Rapid Liquid Printing / RLP (Flexible Structures)

While roaming around a small booth of RLP caught also my attention, where a video was featured of a nozzle moving in a bed filled with silicon printing rubber, and other flexible material:

Reinforce 3D (Enhancement)

Another truly innovative approach combining and enhancing existing additive manufacturing processes was shown by Reinforce 3D:

using existing AM methods such as SLM, SLA, MSLA and even FFF/FDM to make models with thin walled tunnels and then
filling or rather pushing them with strains of carbon fibres along with resin into the tunnels
and thereby reinforcing free forms by keeping the result lightweight but incredible strong due the embedded carbon fibres

A very small but significant detail is, that you can print multiple parts on a smaller printer, but once you start to insert the bundles of carbon fiber those segments of pieces get combined in a strong assembly, as the aluminium skeleton shown above.

Reinforce3D

Plasmics (Inductive Heated Hotend)

INo Trident – inductive hotend by Plasmics: fast heatup and cooldown / 3s from 20C to 220C, 10s from 220C to 150C

At the booth of Plasmics I looked at the inductive hotend and saw the heating up in a few seconds from 20C to 220C and cool-off in a small demo first hand.

The hot part of the nozzle looks like a needle, with little thermal mass, hence the fast heat and cooling-off time, and then surrounded by ceramics with the inductive coil on it.

The hotend incl. the controller board priced at EUR 400 is high for DIY enthusiasts but low for an industrial setup.

Miscellaneous

Major AM players were present:

Formlabs: industrial SLA & SLS
Markforged: 3-axis Continueous Carbon Fiber (CFF)
Nexa3D: industrial SLA & SLS
Prusa Research: the usual lower-end/lower cost printer and their industrial aimed printers of the “Pro” series
Elegoo: low-cost resin & FFF/FDM printers, resins & filaments
Anycubic: low-cost resin & FFF/FDM printers, resins & filaments
BambuLab: cost-effective quality high-speed FFF/FDM printers
Creality: low-cost FFF/FDM & resin printers
Modix: low-cost but large scale FFF/FDM printers
Polymaker: filaments
eSun: filaments & resins
many smaller filament seller
E3D: hotends, extruders

And UltiMaker (after Ultimaker & MakerBot merger) wasn’t present again; the consensus has been that BambuLab‘s printers have taken the higher quality consumer FFF/FDM printers market segment, and the air getting thinner for UltiMaker – at the same time they are doing a great service with the Open Source Cura slicer.