Category Archives: Technology

IoT: Wemos S2-Mini (ESP32-S2)

by Rene K. Mueller · published October 4, 2023 Technology esp32, esp32-s2, MicroPython

Updates:

2023/10/04: finally published, added CircuitPython which should work better than MicroPython
2023/09/25: retesting WiFi, still fails with latest firmware
2023/02/03: starting writeup

Introduction

Wemos S2-Mini is a ESP32-S2FN4R2 chip on a small module, supporting to run MicroPython and connecting to existing WiFi or operating as WiFi Access Point – it’s ideal as IoT device, or easy add-on to 3D printing infrastructure to probe sensors and make them WiFi compatible.

Features

ESP32-S2FN4R2 (WIFI IC)
Type-C USB
4MB Flash
2MB PSRAM
27x IO
ADC, DAC, I2C, SPI, UART, USB OTG
Compatible with LOLIN D1 mini shields
Compatible with MicroPython, Arduino, CircuitPython and ESP-IDF

At the price of barely EUR 2.00 on Aliexpress (2023/02) this is a very affordable IoT device.

Note: MicroPython on ESP32-S2 seem not able to connect to an WiFi AP, and also not operate as WiFi AP itself. Before you follow any steps below, read it first through entirely and decide whether MicroPython or CircuitPython is more suitable – for me both approaches fail to provide WiFi connectivity.

Installing MicroPython (no WiFi)

My modules came without MicroPython unlike advertised, I had to upload the latest MicroPython firmware myself:

download latest MicroPython firmware (near bottom of the page)
attach module with USB-C cable to the computer (e.g. running Linux as in my case)
press Button “0” and hold down, press Button “RST” briefly, wait 2 secs, release Button “0”
use ./esptool.py --port /dev/ttyACM0 --baud 1000000 write_flash -z 0x1000 firmware-LOLIN_S2_MINI-v1.19.1-669-gd4b9df176.bin

Adadfruit `ampy`

In order to use the modules, one requires ampy which is installed via

% pip3 install adafruit-ampy

and provides ampy command line interface:

Usage: ampy [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARGS]...

  ampy - Adafruit MicroPython Tool

  Ampy is a tool to control MicroPython boards over a serial connection.
  Using ampy you can manipulate files on the board's internal filesystem and
  even run scripts.

Options:
  -p, --port PORT    Name of serial port for connected board.  Can optionally
                     specify with AMPY_PORT environment variable.  [required]
  -b, --baud BAUD    Baud rate for the serial connection (default 115200).
                     Can optionally specify with AMPY_BAUD environment
                     variable.
  -d, --delay DELAY  Delay in seconds before entering RAW MODE (default 0).
                     Can optionally specify with AMPY_DELAY environment
                     variable.
  --version          Show the version and exit.
  --help             Show this message and exit.

Commands:
  get    Retrieve a file from the board.
  ls     List contents of a directory on the board.
  mkdir  Create a directory on the board.
  put    Put a file or folder and its contents on the board.
  reset  Perform soft reset/reboot of the board.
  rm     Remove a file from the board.
  rmdir  Forcefully remove a folder and all its children from the board.
  run    Run a script and print its output.

so you can put (upload), run, delete files – essentially you have a small filesystem where files reside, to run/execute or read from or write to.

Booting Module

By default /boot.py is executed, where some default behavior can be defined.

No WiFi (Yet)

As first I uploaded wifimgr.py and webserver.py (see main.py), along with default wifi.dat:

myssid;password

which contains the SSID / Password of the WiFi AP I wanted the module to connect to. All 3 files I uploaded ampy -p /dev/ttyACM0 put wifimgr.py and so on, one can only upload one file at a time with ampy.

Finally one can ampy -p /dev/ttyACM0 run webserver.py

As of 2023/09 with MicroPython V1.20.0 I was not able connect the module to an existing WiFi neither have it operate as Access Point (AP) itself – both cases failed; quite disappointing.

Firmware	Boot	REPL	WiFi Client	AP
LOLIN_S2_MINI-v1.19.1-669	ok	ok	failed	failed
LOLIN_S2_MINI-20230228-unstable-v1.19.1-910	ok	ok	failed	failed
LOLIN_S2_MINI-20230426-v1.20.0	ok	ok	failed	failed
LOLIN_S2_MINI-20230914-unstable-v1.20.0-475	ok	ok	failed	failed

Installing CircuitPython (no WiFi)

Alternatively you can install CircuitPython, for such you

download CircuitPython (adafruit-circuitpython-....bin)
download Bootloader, near bottom of page (tinyuf2...zip)

Install once Bootloader

unzip bootloader tinyuf2....zip

and press button “0” and hold, press button “RST” briefly, and release button “0” again, then run this code (Linux):

% python3 ../esptool/esptool.py --chip esp32s2 --port /dev/ttyACM0 --baud 1000000 write_flash -z 0x0 tinyuf2/combined.bin

then press button “RST” again, after few seconds the board appears like a USB disk, and then you copy the adafruit-circuitpython-....bin into the USB disk – once done, it does reboot itself again (or press button “RST” again).

It will again appear as USB disk named “CIRCUITPY”, that means CircuitPython has been successfully installed and is active running.

Running Code on CircuitPython

Well, you create on that USB disk a new file called code.py which is executed as default when its content changes – so you can edit it directly. Any other files which that code.py needs resides in the same root folder.

The lib/ folder contains all libraries, which you can copy from CircuitPython Libraries, you download a .zip file with all libraries and unzip it and then individually copy libraries you need into the lib/ which become then active right away.

The console is viewable if you start

% tio /dev/ttyACM0

I tried to run a web-server example, but it failed with ConnectionError: Unknown failure 2 – so neither MicroPython or CircuitPython are providing working WiFi connectivity.

No WiFi Yet

I’m quite surprised to see my Wemis S2-Mini fail to connect to my WiFi network, regardless of MicroPython or CircuitPython – it seems to me the libraries involved as faulty for both approaches, I cannot believe that this is a hardware problem, but is a software problem.

References

WEMOS S2-mini
CircuitPython
MicroPython (WiFi doesn’t work as tried)

Misc Hardware Notes

by Rene K. Mueller · published October 4, 2023 Technology eSBC, Microcontrollers

These are just links to hardware I frequently use, and wrote my own documentation for:

Printer Controllers

Duet 3 Mini 5+ (2023: EUR 150-200), 1x in use and very satisfied with it
MKS Monster8 (2022: EUR 50), 2x in use
Mellow Fly Super8 V1.2 (2022: EUR 80), Duet clone running RRF, 1x in use

Single Board Computer (SBC)

Orange Pi Zero: I use a couple of them as Print3r/Prynt3r printhub: I connect multiple USB-based printers, and used Print3r/Prynt3r network-based remote printing capabilities

Embedded Single Board Computer (eSBC)

Milk-V Duo (EUR 5.00-9.50) Ethernet over USB, Linux, Python

Microcontrollers

ESP8266 (EUR 2.50-3.00), Wifi, Lua, MicroPython
ESP32 (EUR 3.50-5.00), Wifi, RTOS, Lua, MicroPython
Wemos S2-Mini / ESP32-S2 (EUR 3.00), Wifi, RTOS, MicroPython

MSLA Anycubic Photon Mono X2

by Rene K. Mueller · published July 25, 2023 Technology Anycubic Photon, MSLA, Photon Mono X2, Resin Printing

Updates:

2024/11/04: update with long-term usage of flex-plate
2023/07/25: published
2023/06/13: adding my print settings to increase reliability
2023/03/31: first prints performed
2023/03/29: adding Formlabs 3/3L and Prusa SL1S as comparison
2023/03/23: starting write-up

Introduction

After my first steps with Anycubic Photon Mono 4K, an entry-level MSLA I also got a slightly larger Anycubic Photon Mono X2:

build volume: 196 x 122 x 200 mm (WxDxH)
resolution: XY 48μm, Z 50μm
9.1″ display with 4K+ resolution (4096×2560) display
monochromatic LCD (hence “Mono”), faster printer due shorter exposure
affordable with EUR 300-350 (2023/03)
no network, only USB drive printing

I ordered at Anycubic.com directly (EUR 350) 2023/03/24, and got it a week later.

Default Settings

	Defaults Firmware V0.2.3	My Settings 2023/07	My Settings 2023/11
Bottom Layers	6	5	1 .. 6 ²⁾
Exposure Off [s]	1.0
Bottom Exposure [s]	30.0	25.0	25.0
Normal Exposure [s]	2.0	2.5	2.5
Transition Layers	4	10	10
Bottom Region
Bottom Layer [0] Rising Height [mm]	3.0		4.0
Bottom Layer [0] Rising Speed [mm/s]	1.0
Bottom Layer [0] Retract Speed [mm/s]	1.0
Bottom Layer [1] Rising Height [mm]	4.0		4.0 ¹⁾
Bottom Layer [1] Rising Speed [mm/s]	3.0	1.5	1.5
Bottom Layer [1] Retract Speed [mm/s]	3.0
Normal Region
Normal Layer [0] Rising Height [mm]	3.0		4.0
Normal Layer [0] Rising Speed [mm/s]	1.0
Normal Layer [0] Retract Speed [mm/s]	1.0
Normal Layer [1] Rising Height [mm]	4.0		4.0 ¹⁾
Normal Layer [1] Rising Speed [mm/s]	3.0	1.5	1.5
Normal Layer [1] Retract Speed [mm/s]	3.0
~~UV Light~~ (not available)

in Lychee Slicer the 2nd lift distance is the sum of [0] Rising Height 4.0mm + [1] Rising Height 4mm = “4.0mm > 8.0mm”:
depending on the size of the pieces, if they are small (e.g. 20x20mm foot print) then I use 1 bottom layer, for larger pieces I increase up to 6 bottom layers

After some prints I realized the 3mm/s or 180mm/min 2nd rising speed really decreased the reliability of prints I did, usually after bottom layers some models, especially fine structures, deliminated and I realized the transitioning needed to be longer and also reduce the 2nd rising speed, the retraction speed could stay as is. The slowed down the overall print time, but reliability is getting near to Mono 4K.

Various Resins

Mono 4K vs Mono X2 vs Mono M3 Max

The print area Mono 4K doubles nearly with Mono X2, and the Mono M3 Max (EUR 1000) additionally doubles the print area:

As pointed out previously, the print area with MSLA directly affects the print speed, the larger the build plate, the faster the print: more parts can be printed at the same time.

The Mono X2 is relatively new as of writing this blog-post, just released in late 2022, so the third party market has not yet taken off regarding spare vats, spring steel magnetic build plate, protective films and alike.

Update 2023/07: The Mono X2 already discontinued as M5 and M5S has been released.

Photon Mono X2 vs Creality LD-006: Details Matter

The main reason I prefered the Photon Mono X2 (EUR 350) over the Creality LD-006 (EUR 250) with the nearly same build-volume is that the LD-006 has a bad build-plate mount where resin is trapped near the screws – which makes cleaning and switching resins much harder:

Anycubic Photon Mono X2 build plate: all resins flows away from the build plate, good design

Eventually either cured, dried or semi liquid resin trapped in there will contaminate your next prints – so a bad build plate design can ruin your prints eventually.

Slicer Support

Lychee Slicer 5.x and upward also supports the Mono X2 out of the box, whereas Prusa Slicer SLA slicer, as of 2.x series, does not slice to any but .sl1, and so requires a custom setting to add support for it indirectly then requires a tool like UVtools to convert to .pmx2 (Note: as of 2023/03 the output format is not working properly).

The native Photon Workshop slicer coming with the printer has no Linux support and only works via Wine “Windows” emulator, and is barely usable.

Lychee Slicer, positioning 40x cubes, left column requires support, all others directly on the bed

Printing 40x Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces 20mm cubes samples at once, and it took 1h45m (with default settings) with apprx. 30mm height, as some required support.

Mono X2 printing 40x Triply Periodic Minimal Surface 20mm cubes

The pieces were overexposed, the bottom layers were significantly overexposed, the clear resin as well the white resin which came as 2nd batch – the defaults as recommended by Anycubic and consequently by Lychee Slicer 5.1.8 were not as good as Photon Mono 4K.

The default settings with 3mm/s or 180mm/min for 2nd lift speed caused multiple failed prints for me such as delimination, and I reduced it to 1.5mm/s or 90mm/min and increased transitioning layers from 4 to 10 – after that fine structures like those 40mm cube lattice prints came out quite well.

Photon Mono X2 Drip Hook

I highly recommend a drip hook, you want uncured resin easily drip over a period of 5-10min back into the vat, before you wash it off in water (when using water wash resin) or isopropyl alcohol (IPA).

Printables: Photon Mono X2 Drip Hook (STL)

Third Party Market

	Photon Mono X2 compatibility	Specifications
vat	Photon Mono X, Mono X 6K, Mono M3 Plus	263 x 169 x 30 mm (outside max) 238 x 162 mm (inside)
steel build plate	Elegoo Saturn S (same LCD size)	202 x 129 mm (min. 196 x 122mm)

Spring Steel Plate

I made two prints with the original build plate, and it was difficult to remove the prints without flexing and scratched the plate right away – the adhesion is good, too good actually. So it became clear, I also want a spring steel plate for it.

I’ve got a spring steel plate 202×128 mm from Aliexpress.

magnetic base: 2.2mm thick, slightly extends, 203x129mm
steel plate: 0.5mm thick, exact 202x128mm

so one has to compensate 2.5 – 3mm in Z height and adjust, speak extend, the Z-level probe. I just glued a black strip of paper, and then of course re-level the bed again afterwards.

Update 2024/11: well, let me add here after 20 months usage, where the built-plate rested for apprx. 5 months without use, the steel plate fused with the magnetic rubber counter part, and while trying to separate, the rubber base tore a hole, but as it turned out, also the adhesive of the rubber base detaching from the actual build-plate:

While detaching steel from rubber base, the rubber base tore multiple tears and even a hole

This is bad . . . I’m not sure if it came to be of the long stand-still / resting without detaching the steel plate, or a rather short lifetime of the flex-plate, I suspect a combination of both. I clean(ed) the steel plate and rubber counter part after every print session (one or multiple consecutive prints), but still some resin residue could have remained, sufficient to fuse the flex steel plate with the rubber counter part.

Either way, I gonna replace it and keep using the flex steel plate as it makes it easier to detach smaller or delicate pieces. I can conclude this flex steel plate likely will last 15-20 months only, and if I won’t use the printer for longer then I detach the flex steel plate from the rubber magnetic base.

Motherboard

The motherboard has two main chips:

ARM GD32F407
- driving Z stepper motor with endstop (Z=0)
- driving USB port
- driving both LCDs via ASIC
EF2L 45L G1444B (ASIC)
- driving monochrome LCD via MIPI DSI (not sure where the image buffer resides)
- driving UI color LCD with touchscreen

Preliminary Review Mono X2

Pros:

good value for build size, but not features
mid-size build volume with 196 x 122 x 200 mm (WxDxH)
no cover sensor (can be on or off and still prints)
available replacement of parts (LCD, vat, build-plate)

Cons:

no Wi-Fi (only USB Stick)
surprisingly noisy with fans while printing
firmware doesn’t allow to change UV light intensity
default settings are not giving reliable prints¹⁾
very simple firmware & UI
no flex build plate
no upper endstop (you can ramm the build-plate into the plate on top)
no sensor for running plate against cured remains in vat²⁾, that would require more advanced firmware
cheap USB memory stick (breaks after a few days, data corruption)

using original Anycubic Water Washable Resin +
newer printers (2023) have load cell to measure counter force, and prevent build-plate to run with force against vat and LCD underneath. Update 2023/05: Anycubic released Mono M5S (2023/05) which has a load-cell sensor, but reviews are mixed.

Photon #4 (Mono X2) & Photon #1 & #2 (Mono 4K): additional handle on top, and labels on cover and body

Addendum

Printing Procedure

Let me take the chance to describe my MSLA resin printing procedure – if you are newcomer you might like to read it in a concise way.

resin printing (as in 2023) is still a messy procedure at the consumer and prosumer level as well
the moment the print is finished, you need to remove the build-plate or flex steel plate, no matter which, the piece(s) still have resin on it, which likely will drip on the printer and especially around the vat is the most critical area:
- by any means prevent any resin to come under the vat
- don’t touch the underside of the vat with hands or gloves, unless you have a fresh piece of sheet of paper towel or equivalent
- if you must clean the underside of the vat – and if you do you already screwed up when this happens – clean it first thoroughly, and after that the side of the vat and other part of the printer
- prevent any resin to get on the LCD or protective layers on the LCD, wipe it away right away
- cured resin is difficult to remove, especially from softer surfaces like plastic – so I have the habit to remove all resin outside of the vat right away
clean your gloves with pieces of paper towel, to prevent to further spoil your equipment you grab as next:
- clean gloves when handling the build plate
- I keep the same gloves for multiply prints or a 1-2 weeks as I clean them with paper towels right away (2-3 times per print: whenever I touch the 3d printer, the gloves are clean)
when removing the pieces from the build plate, things will become messy, no matter what
washing the piece(s) off in a water container as I use only water wash resin
- 1st wash container: I dip the pieces with the build plate into the container, my gloves don’t get wet or touch resin
- 2nd wash container: I remove the flex build plate, and dip it with the pieces still on the plate into the 2nd container – dipping in and out several times
then I remove the pieces from the flex build plate, by flexing the build plate or use a metal scrapper, and they drop into a small container with layers of paper towels where they dry a bit (10-30min) – I don’t touch the pieces with my gloves, I only touch the build plate
- cleaning the build plate with paper towels dry, mount it back on the printer
- cleaning the flex build plate with paper towels and attach it to the build plate
no cured remains in vat: using the plastic scrapper to push on the vat’s bottom softly, and move through the vat slowly to see if there are remains attached to the vat bottom, those needs to be removed otherwise at next print the build plate will push it unto the LCD and potentially damage it – high risk to damage the MSLA printer severely, such as puncture FEP of the vat and leak resin all over
- if there are cured remains on the bottom FEP which I can’t remove with the plastic scrapper (large enough to pick out), then
  - either I expose the entire plate for 10-20s, and remove then a full cured layer of the entire area, this removes all small remains
  - if there are small floating pieces, then I empty the vat off the resin by pouring through a metal or paper filter (keeps back remove all cured remains) back into the bottle – this is time consuming and messy as you need to clean funnel and metal filter again
if I have printed pieces with small holes where water might still be captured, I take a piece of paper towel and wrap it and shake it fast in my hands – I have seen people blowing compressed air on the cured pieces, this makes sense if you produce many pieces in series frequently
2nd stage curing of the pieces in UV chamber:
- white/black/grey resin 1-3 mins
- clear resin 2 mins max
further resting the piece(s) for 1-2 hours to dry further

And I leave the resin in the vat, and let the vat stay on the printer for weeks and even months – no refilling back and forth to and from bottles, unless I know I have cured fragments in the vat, then I empty the vat with metal or paper filter back into the bottle and clean it with paper towels thoroughly as mentioned above already.

Keep everything around resin printer as clean as possible.

Consumer MSLA vs Professional SLA/MSLA

When trying to compare consumer MSLA and professional SLA & MSLA like from Formlabs, notable they switched from SLA 2024/04 to MSLA with their Form 4 series as well, one might just look at the print size or build volume (state 2024/11):

but also look at other aspects:

	Anycubic Photon	ELEGOO Mars/Saturn ULTRA	Prusa SL1S	FOrmlabs Form 3, 3L	FORM 4, 4L
Pricing	EUR 200-1,000	EUR 300-400	EUR 1,600	EUR 5,000-10,000	EUR 5,000-11,000
Technology	MSLA	MSLA	MSLA	Low Force SLA	MSLA
Exposure Technology	UV light & LCD	UV light & LCD	UV light & LCD	UV laser	UV Light & LCD
Automatics		force sensor (resin level, collision)	resin level	resin level resin dispenser resin heating level indication	resin level resin dispenser resin heating level indication
Next Layer Method	peeling by raising	peeling by tilting	peeling by tilting	peeling by raising & resin wiping	peeling by raising & resin wiping
Removal of Part	messy	messy	messy without CW1 OK with CW1	messy without Form Wash OK with Form Wash³⁾	messy without Form Wash OK with Form Wash³⁾
Cleaning Part	messy	messy	messy without CW1 OK with CW1	messy without Form Wash OK with Form Wash³⁾	messy without Form Wash OK with Form Wash³⁾
Post Curing Part	required	required	required	optional	required
Material (Resin) Selection	★★☆☆☆	★★☆☆☆	★★☆☆☆	★★★★☆ (closed)⁵⁾	★★★★☆ (closed & open)⁵⁾
Firmware	★☆☆☆☆	★☆☆☆☆	★★★★☆	★★★★☆	★★★★☆
Slicing Software	★★☆☆☆ Photon Workshop ★★★★☆ Lychee Slicer	★★★★☆ Lychee Slicer	★★★★☆ Prusa Slicer	★★★★★ PreForm	★★★★★ PreForm
Print Speed	★★★★☆ depends only on print height	★★★★★⁴⁾ depends only on print height	★★★★★⁴⁾ depends only on print height	★★☆☆☆ depends on layer cross section & print height	★★★★☆ depends only on print height
Hardware Maintainability	★★★☆☆	★★★☆☆	★★★★☆	★★★☆☆	★★★☆☆
Original Online Resources	★☆☆☆☆	★☆☆☆☆	★★★★★	★★★★★	★★★★☆
Community Resources	★★★★☆	★★★☆☆	★★★★☆	★★★☆☆	★★★☆☆
After Sales Support	★★☆☆☆	★★☆☆☆	★★★★☆	★★★★☆	★★★★☆
Third Party Market	★★★☆☆	★★☆☆☆	★★☆☆☆	★☆☆☆☆	★☆☆☆☆
Reliability	★★☆☆☆¹⁾		★★★★☆	★★★☆☆
Value	★★★☆☆²⁾	★★★★☆²⁾	★★★☆☆²⁾	★★★☆☆²⁾	★★★☆☆²⁾

based on overall build and firmware, which can’t even properly calculate remaining print time while printing, I have a low expectation
value for most are nearly the same, because the low price for Anycubic Photon Mono series also give you moderately good solution, whereas Formlabs printers are very pricey but also giving you good value, and Prusa SL1S rather high priced for the gaining reliability and print speed, Elegoo Mars & Saturn Ultra value is higher due lower price
Form Wash station for Form 3, Form Wash L for Form 3L, you move the build plate direct into the washing station, and before curing remove them from the build plate
Prusa SL1S & Elegoo Mars/Saturn Ultra prints a layer in 2 seconds in total, whereas traditional MSLA takes 7-10s (exposure time + lifting/retraction)
Impressive selection of resins, incl. bio compatible, strong and durable options

As a follow-up, while reviewing another resin printer, I realized the “value” for me I could actually determined by the XY area which translate into parallel printing capability, which is more relevant than the height (Z), combined with the precision or voxel size – as of 2023 Anycubic doesn’t even mention the XY resolution anymore – a bad marketing move.

(M)SLA Value Comparison

A numeric value summarization for features I care about, the rough & simple formula:

XY Area [mm²] / Price [EUR] / XY Resolution [μm]

The bigger the XY area, the smaller the price and the smaller the resolution, the higher the value:

State 2024/11

PRINTER	year	XY RESOLUTION	Type	BUILD VOLUME XYZ	PRICE	Value
Elegoo Saturn 4	2024-	19μm x 24μm²⁾	MSLA	218x122x220	300 EUR	3.74
Elegoo Saturn 4 Ultra	2024-	19μm x 24μm²⁾	MSLA	218x122x220	400 EUR	2.81
Anycubic Photon Mono M5	2023-	19μm x 24μm²⁾	MSLA	218x123x200	410 EUR	2.72
Elegoo Mars 5 Ultra	2024-	18μm	MSLA	153x78x165	270 EUR	2.54
Anycubic Photon Mono X 6Ks	2023-	34μm	MSLA	196x122x200	280 EUR	2.51
Anycubic Photon Mono M7	2024-	17μm x 25μm²⁾	MSLA	223x126x230	450 EUR	2.49
Elegoo Saturn 3 Ultra	2023-	19μm x 24μm²⁾	MSLA	218x123x260	480 EUR	2.32
Anycubic Photon Mono 4K	2021-2022	35μm	MSLA	132x80x165	150 EUR	2.01
Anycubic Photon Mono X2	2023-	48μm	MSLA	196x122x200	260 EUR	1.91
Anycubic Photon Mono 2	2023-	35μm	MSLA	143x89x165	210 EUR	1.73
Elegoo Jupiter SE	2023-	51μm	MSLA	277x156x300	700 EUR	1.21
Anycubic Photon M7 Max	2025-	46μm	MSLA	298x164x300	900 EUR	1.18
EMake Galaxy 1	2023	25μm / 100μm¹⁾	SLA	400x200x400	2,700 EUR	1.18
Anycubic Photon M3 Max	2022-2024	45μm	MSLA	298x164x300	980 EUR	1.10
UltraCraft Reflex RS	2024-	30μm	MSLA	222x122x200	1,200 EUR	0.75
EMake LCD 16″ 8K	2024-	46μm	MSLA	353x198x400	2,700 EUR	0.56
Formlabs 3L	2020-2024	25μm / 100μm¹⁾	SLA	335x200x300	9,000 EUR	0.29
Formlabs 3+	2020-2024	25μm / 100μm¹⁾	SLA	146x145x185	3,500 EUR	0.24
Formlabs 4L	2024-	46μm	MSLA	353x196x350	11,000 EUR	0.14
Prusa SL1S	2021-	49μm	MSLA	127x80x180	1,700 EUR	0.12
Formlabs 4	2024-	50μm	MSLA	200x125x210	5,175 EUR	0.09

Formlabs 3’s & EMake SLA printers use a laser beam which has 100μm in diameter, but it can be positioned 25μm exact, the latter was used to calculate the value
The UV pixels are non-square, the longer side was used to calculate the value

The XY area in SLA scales not as good as with MSLA, as the laser beam takes longer the more XY area (e.g. more pieces) need to be rendered per layer – so, MSLA is recommended for aiming fast parallel printing. Interestingly Formlabs 4 is now a MSLA as well (2024/04), they seem to have abandoned the SLA laser-based approach.

That’s it.

References

MSLA Anycubic Photon Mono 4K

by Rene K. Mueller · published July 25, 2023 Technology Anycubic Photon, MSLA, Photon Mono 4K, Resin Printing

Updates:

2023/07/25: moved content from blog into regular pages
2023/03/15: adding more Settings for different resins, different default for different firmware version, added preliminary Review
2023/03/09: finally published
2023/03/05: first prints made, more info on Lychee Slicer, Prusa Slicer SLA, more on magnetic steel plate use, prints with or without support, closeup photos added
2022/11/29: added Drip Hook, still preparing the utilities to make first print
2022/11/26: Mono 4K arrived, preparing software pipeline (slicer, converters) and working place
2022/11/07: starting write-up

Introduction

The past years I focused on Filament Deposition Manufacturing (FDM) / extrusion based 3D printing, and the time came to focus on MSLA resin based process as well.

My main use case a small pieces, like custom pulleys and idlers – precise parts, such as:

Custom pulley ID8 20T: MSLA @35μm XY, 50μm Z vs FFF @400μm nozzle, 100μm Z

The Anycubic Photon Mono 4K seemed like a good choice to start with:

build volume: 132 x 80 x 165 mm (WxDxH)
resolution: XY 35μm, Z 50μm
6.1″ display with 4K resolution (3840×2400) display
monochromatic LCD (hence “Mono”), faster printer due shorter exposure
affordable with EUR 170-220 (2022/11)
no network, only USB drive printing

SLA
Stereolithography Apparatus
– one beam/point light source

MSLA
Mask Stereolithography Apparatus
– one light source, masking what does not need to be printed

DLP
Digital Light Processing
– one image, each pixel controlled by micro mirror

I ordered 2022/11/22 for EUR 170 and received it 4 days later via Anycubic Store within Amazon, along with a few utilities like water wash resins, gloves, etc – ready to MSLA print.

Update 2023/05: the Mono 4K has been discontinued, and replaced with Mono 2 with slightly larger print volume of 143 (+11mm) x 89 (+9mm) x 165 (+33mm).

FDM/FFF vs Resin

FDM/FFF	Resin MSLA
X, Y precision: 100μm Z precision: 50μm minimal structure: 200-600μm¹⁾ minimal post-processing minimal toxicity of filament print duration based on printed volume large scale prints affordable 1kg filament EUR 15-30 mixed materials²⁾	X, Y precision: 35-75μm Z precision: 30-50μm minimal structure: 30-50μm extensive post-processing severe toxicity of resin print duration based on print Z height only large scale prints require expensive printers 1kg resin EUR 30-80³⁾ single material

depends on nozzle diameter
multiple printheads/hotends required, e.g. IDEX, tool changer, material changer
Anycubic sold water wash resins at 22-27 EUR/kg 2023/03 (black, white, clear, grey and waterblue)

Print Settings

layer height: 0.05mm / 50μm
exposure time: 2s
light-off time: 0.5s
bottom layer count: 6
bottom exposure time: 40s
lifting distance: 6mm
lifting speed: 4mm/s
retract speed: 6mm/s
anti-aliasing level: 1
file formats: pwma (proprietary)

Photon Workshop on Linux

My development environment is Linux, and as of 2022/11 there is no Linux Photon Workshop, the name of the slicer needed to slice for Mono 4K; but you can run it via Wine (a Windows compatibility wrapper):

% wine AnycubicPhotonWorkshop_V2.2.19_x86.exe

and afterwards it is available direct at:

% wine ~/.wine/drive_c/Program\ Files\ \(x86\)/AnycubicPhotonWorkshop/AnycubicPhotonWorkshop.exe

I tried my xyzHollowCalibrationCubeV2 and used auto hollow feature which defaults to 2mm thickness:

This seems to work but is not ideal. The Photon Workshop reveals that Photon Mono 4K supports only .pmwa format, which as it turns out, is PWS format just with the extension .pmwa to avoid mixing up different PWS files for different machines, as the pixel-based slices are hardware dependent now as resolution of the display is set.

Chitubox for Linux

Chitubox Slicer is available for Linux natively and supports a variety of SLA printers, also the Mono 4K:

I also used the auto hollow feature, which defaulted to 1.2mm wall thickness.

Lychee Slicer for Linux

I ended up with the Lychee Slicer which is available for Linux as well, which contains some annoying advertising to wait for when slicing or exporting various formats, but functionality-wise it it is more intuitive than Chitubox Slicer.

Lychee Slicer 4.1.0 for Linux (AppImage)

Prusa SLA Slicer

Prusa Slicer 2.4.0 using SLA subsystem and custom build-volume

As mentioned, the Photon Mono 4K has its own proprietary file-format PWS file to print with, with a particular file extension to indicate which Anycubic MSLA device it is sliced for:

Machine	File Extension	Layer Image Encoding
Mono	PWNO	PWS
Mono SE	PWMS	PWS
Mono X	PWMX	PWS
Mono X2	PMX2	PWS
Mono 4K	PWMA	PWS
S	PWS	PWS
Zero	PW0	PW0
X	PWX	PWS
Ultra	DLP	PWS
D2	DLP2	PWS

Prusa Slicer slices also for MSLA, it’s own .sl1 format, just a ZIP file with a list of PNG files per slice, in order to convert .sl1 to PWS/.pwma another tool is required:

UVtools, it can read and write many SLA image formats, incl. PhotonWorkshop (.pw*) file-formats
another approach could be (as of 2022/12 not yet) to just convert sl1 to .photon with SL1toPhoton command line tool, and extend functionality to support PWS/.pwma as well
alternatively uv3dp supports pw0 and pws files, but struggles with new(er) PWS files like .pwma

.photon/ctb/cbddlp vs .pw*

.photon (and ctb/cbddlp) is an older file format, whereas newer Photon Workshop (PW) has PWS and PW0 encoded images as layers – so far the format seems reverse engineered and somewhat documented via UVTools: PhotonWorkshopFormat.cs

Manufacturer	File Extension	FIle FOrmat
Anycubic Photon Mono	.pw*	PWS/PW0
Anycubic Photon	.photon	alike CTB
Elegoo Mars	.ctb	CTB/CBDDLP¹⁾
Creality LD002	.ctb	CTB/CBDLP¹⁾
Phrozen	.phz	CTB/CBDLP¹⁾

possibly encrypted, but the algorithm is available

PWS vs SL1

Some deeper dive into the available metadata of PWS vs SL1 format:

PWS (header)

SL1 (prusaslicer.ini)

“xy_pixel”: 35.0,
“z_thickness”: 0.05000000074505806,
“exposure_time”: 2.0,
“off_time”: 0.5,
“bottom_layers_exposure_time”: 40.0,
“bottom_layers”: 6.0,
“z_lift_height”: 6.0,
“z_lift_speed”: 4.0,
“z_drop_speed”: 6.0,
“total_volume”: 4.853200912475586,
“antialiasing_grade”: 1,
“x_resolution”: 3840,
“y_resolution”: 2400,
“weight”: 0.0,
“price”: 1.067704200744629,
“resin_type”: 36,
“layers_count”: 400

“absolute_correction”: “0”,
“area_fill”: “50”,
“bed_shape”: “0x0,120×0,120×68,0x68”,
“bottle_cost”: “0”,
“bottle_volume”: “1000”,
“bottle_weight”: “1”,
“display_height”: “68”,
“display_mirror_x”: “1”,
“display_mirror_y”: “0”,
“display_orientation”: “portrait”,
“display_pixels_x”: “2560”,
“display_pixels_y”: “1440”,
“display_width”: “120”,
“elefant_foot_compensation”: “0”,
“elefant_foot_min_width”: “0.2”,
“exposure_time”: “10”,
“faded_layers”: “10”,
“fast_tilt_time”: “5”,
“gamma_correction”: “1”,
“hollowing_closing_distance”: “2”,
“hollowing_enable”: “0”,
“hollowing_min_thickness”: “3”,
“hollowing_quality”: “0.5”,
“initial_exposure_time”: “15”,
“initial_layer_height”: “0.3”,
“layer_height”: “0.3”,
“material_correction”: “1,1,1”,
“material_correction_x”: “1”,
“material_correction_y”: “1”,
“material_correction_z”: “1”,
“material_density”: “1”,
“material_print_speed”: “fast”,
“max_exposure_time”: “100”,
“max_initial_exposure_time”: “150”,
“max_print_height”: “200”,
“min_exposure_time”: “0”,
“min_initial_exposure_time”: “0”,
“output_filename_format”: “[input_filename_base].sl1”,
“pad_around_object”: “0”,
“pad_around_object_everywhere”: “0”,
“pad_brim_size”: “1.6”,
“pad_enable”: “1”,
“pad_max_merge_distance”: “50”,
“pad_object_connector_penetration”: “0.3”,
“pad_object_connector_stride”: “10”,
“pad_object_connector_width”: “0.5”,
“pad_object_gap”: “1”,
“pad_wall_height”: “0”,
“pad_wall_slope”: “90”,
“pad_wall_thickness”: “2”,
“printer_technology”: “SLA”,
“relative_correction”: “1,1”,
“relative_correction_x”: “1”,
“relative_correction_y”: “1”,
“relative_correction_z”: “1”,
“slice_closing_radius”: “0.049”,
“slicing_mode”: “regular”,
“slow_tilt_time”: “8”,
“support_base_diameter”: “4”,
“support_base_height”: “1”,
“support_base_safety_distance”: “1”,
“support_buildplate_only”: “0”,
“support_critical_angle”: “45”,
“support_head_front_diameter”: “0.4”,
“support_head_penetration”: “0.2”,
“support_head_width”: “1”,
“support_max_bridge_length”: “15”,
“support_max_bridges_on_pillar”: “3”,
“support_max_pillar_link_distance”: “10”,
“support_object_elevation”: “5”,
“support_pillar_connection_mode”: “dynamic”,
“support_pillar_diameter”: “1”,
“support_pillar_widening_factor”: “0”,
“support_points_density_relative”: “100”,
“support_points_minimal_distance”: “1”,
“support_small_pillar_diameter_percent”: “50%”,
“supports_enable”: “1”

Notes:

PWS:
- xy_pixel dictates square pixels
- x_resolution & y_resolution with xy_pixel give actual build area
- build height (Z) determined via layers_count * z_thickness, assuming equal layer heights
SL1:
- does not report layer counts, but be determined from the amount of enclosed .png files
  - does not support multi-exposure printing

PWS	SL1
x_resolution [px]	display_pixels_x [px]
y_resolution [px]	display_pixels_y [px]
xy_pixel [μm]	display_pixels_x / bedshape[x] * 1000 [μm]
layers_count	len(<*.png>)

Replacing Firmware

MSLA resin printers are quite closed systems without much information of the hardware, firmware, and additional having their own proprietary file formats which contain the layer images.

For the Anycubic Photon Mono 4K is an open source firmware available, Turbo Resin – which gave me a good reason to get this 3D printer (2023/07: the firmware isn’t complete yet). Along with it, the hardware has been pretty much reversed engineered.

Anycubic Firmware	Turbo Resin (2022/12)
– PW0/PWMA format	– PW0/PWMA & CTB format

Custom MSLA Slicer

Pondering on a custom MSLA slicer:

automatic hollowing of solids at certain wall thickness
automatic support generation, outside and inside (after hollowing)
drain hole generation
command line interface (CLI)
external preview of sliced part
supporting sl1 and pws/pw0 as a start

Feature	Prusa Slicer	Lychee Slicer	ChituBox Slicer
command line interface (CLI)	Y	–	–
automatic hollowing	Y	Y	Y
drain holes	Y	Y	Y
automatic support	Y	Y	Y
Linux support	Y	–	–
PWS support	–	Y	Y

Open MSLA Format

Unfortunately there is no open (M)SLA format, each manufacturer kind of does its own, whereas G-code .gcode has some conformity, although G-code in general is also machine specific has it has absolute positioning, which differ from machine to machine, but at least G-code is easy to compose unlike proprietary (M)SLA file formats.

SL1 format by Prusa Engineering is a simple ZIP file which contains:

config.ini: irrelevant info
prusaslicer.ini: info about printer (bed size), pixel density, and many slicer settings
*.png: enumerated image files per slice in PNG format

and thereby is open enough for my taste.

Requirements of Open MSLA Format

simple format for controller to decode
- simple pixel data¹⁾
- simple preview image format¹⁾

this is why PWS/PW0 or CTB fileformat use some simple RLE algorithm to compress pixel data

First Print

After many weeks postponing, as I wasn’t eager deal with the inherent messiness of resin printing, I gave it a shot with some of the Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS) (2023/03/05):

The Lychee Slicer gave 1h 15m print time, the printer itself showed 2h 15m; I used Anycubic White Water Wash Resin. I used automatic supports, and it printed 5 pieces successful, 3 pieces failed and only apprx. 4mm Z height were printed, interestingly all 3 failed pieces failed at the same Z height and broke off and stuck at the print plate.

Batch 1: 5 pieces printed successful, 3 failed

I reprinted the 3 failed pieces at the same place, and this time they succeeded – which is strange as I suspected perhaps uneven light or some other positional inconsistency, but obviously the position did not matter, which is bad as I don’t know what caused the first failed print.

left-to-right: Variable Frequency Schwarz D, Variable Frequency Schwarz P, Cylindrical Gyroid, Gyroid, Schwarz P, Schwarz D, FRD, Skeletal Gyroid

The curved bottoms (not directly printed but with diverse support pipes) already showing severe distortion while printing.

Update: It seems my office rooms aren’t warm enough, so the bed adhesion isn’t optimal as I read up in some forum posts. I tried to print a few other pieces, all failed the next day in the room with 15-19C° – the prints detached after 2-3mm height from the build plate. I moved it to another warmer room, warmed the resin on the radiator which helped.

The overall quality of the pieces is astonishing, no visible voxels or layers are seen, incredible quality for those prints which didn’t fail.

Yet the failure rate is still significant for my taste, so I need to pay close attention to room temperature, and other aspects:

Variable frequency of Schwarz P & D TPMS (40mm cube): with support and without

The cause of the “delimination” isn’t clear yet to me, it seems the prints with proper support and elevated bottom printed better, but I need to confirm with more prints.

More photos you find at MSLA printing Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS).

Curing Station

As a start I assembled a simple DIY curing station with a 5m UV LED strip and placed it inside a plastic cup, with some aluminium foil at the bottom and top lid:

I only cure for 4-5mins, longer exposure changes the white resin into yellowish tint, and indicates over curing.

Keeping Resin in the Vat

After a print, the resins needs to be filtered for impurities, such as partial cured pieces not attached to the part, with a funnel and filter into a cup or bottle, and then it can be poured back into the vat ready to print again.

One can leave the resin in the vat for weeks, if you stir the resin short before you print again – stirring the resin within the vat is not ideal, as one has to avoid to scratch or FEP film; yet there is no need to pour resin back into the bottle unless one changes the resin, like the brand or color.

Drip Hook

I remixed an existing drip hook for Photon Mono to fit Photon Mono 4K, and make it easier to slide the bed on and off.

Download

Printables: Photon Mono 4K Drip Hook (STL)

Spring Steel Build Plate

Additionally I’ve got a spring steel build plate 135x80mm with a magnetic base for EUR 10 (2022/12).

This turned out to be a good choice, the removal of the pieces is easy without additional tool.

Caution:

the thickness of the adhesive magnet holding the plate required the optical Z endswitch to recalibrate, instead to move the sensor, I extended the light breaking piece with just a small piece of paper with a drop of glue – it was easier than 3d printing an extender for the entire sensor.
in my case the small handle of the plate scratches on the original vat at the last 3-4mm height, therefore the entire plate needs to be slightly misaligned (just pushing one side while fastening the build plate) so the handle doesn’t touch the vat.
- third party Anycubic Mono 4K vat like from Mega/Kingroon have a larger space, and don’t need any fiddling around therefore
the spring steel is sharp, it happened several times the single-use gloves being torn/cut while handling the plate

(One of) My Use Case

After a few days I aimed for the main use case of mine: printing custom pulleys.

MSLA @ 35μm XY, 50μm Z vs FFF @ 400μm nozzle, 100μm Z

As I printed them with Anycubic Water Wash White Resin without support, the “elephant foot” comes from the first 6 layers being cured for 40s as in my case, and the UV light refracting and curing more than meant to be, but I can neglect this.

16 custom pulleys ID8 20T printed with Anycubic Photon Mono 4K in 1h 30m or 5m30s per piece

	MSLA	FDM/FFF
geometrical accuracy	★★★★☆¹⁾	★★★☆☆
surface quality	★★★★☆	★★☆☆☆
mechanical sturdiness	(not yet tested)	★★★☆☆ (PLA)
print time per piece	5m 30s²⁾	15m
print time for 1 piece	1h 30m	15m
print time for 16 pieces	1h 30m	4h

due the “elephant foot” the Z accuracy was off by 0.8mm, instead of 15.0mm it’s 14.2mm
when printing 16 pieces, it took 1h 30m for printing 15mm in Z, I could have printed ~28 pulleys on 132 x 80mm build plate, bringing print time for a piece down to 3m 10s

Settings

My own experience with different resins (to be extended):

	Defaults V0.0.11 Firmware V0.11	Defaults V2.0.2 Firmware V0.16	White WATER WASH RESIN (Anycubic)	Clear Water Wash Resin (Resione)
Layer Thickness [μm]	50	50	50	50
Exposure Time [s]	3	2.5	3	2 .. 3
Exposure Off Time [s]	2.5	1	0.5	0.5
Bottom Exposure [s]	50	30	40	40
Bottom Layers	6	6	6	6
Anti-alias	1	1	1	1
Z Lift Distance [mm]	3.0	4.0	6.0	6.0
Z Lift Speed [mm/s]	1.0	1.0	2.0	1.0
Z Retract Speed [mm/s]	1.0	1.0	4.0	1.0
UV Power [%]	100	100	100	50 .. 100
Notes		Distance, Speed & Retract Speed for – [BL] Bottom Layers – [NL] Normal Layers individually definable	– geometrical precise	– soft with 3s exposure – stiffer & brittle with 5s exposure – geometrical not precise (+0.2 .. 0.8mm in XYZ)

Preliminary Review

Pros:

good prints for the price
cost effective
power loss recovery actually works
lot’s of third party replacements (vat, FEP, etc)¹⁾
alternatively Open Source firmware
nearly full reverse engineered hardware

this actually is quite important: popular machine raise a secondary market for replacements: future replacement of parts even when Anycubic ends support

Cons:

newly bought machine had outdated firmware
updated firmware calculates wrong total print time, this is just sloppy
touchscreen unreliable (wrong position) ‘print’ vs ‘delete’, use a soft pencil
slow prints with default settings (1mm/s Z motion), not nearly at 50mm/h height as advertised

Confusing:

slicer print settings are ignored, only settings on the machine matter
- advantage: once sliced the .pwma can be printed with different resins and settings changed on the machine only
- disadvantage: one has to memorize or document settings for different resins, as it not stored in the .pwma file

Verdict

It’s a low-cost entry level MSLA machine, Anycubic seems to care little about the software (2023/03) as the slicer as well the firmware are Minimal Viable Product (MVP) level, but aren’t mature or reliable at all. Given they sell 500K+ machines per year at least, investing to improve in the firmware would help 500,000 users.

Small anecdote: I bought a pre-owned Mono 4K, becoming “Photon 2”, from official Anycubic store at Ebay directly – the listing said the machine likely would miss some parts – but I felt to get some more in-depth experience, and I’ve got what I asked for: the machine came dirty with resin all over, no power-supply, no build-plate, no vat, and cured resin between LCD and underlying (acryl-)glass, spent EUR 120+ for replacement parts, and 10+ hrs cleaning it to get it in working condition again. From a cost saving point of view not worth it, but experience wise it was good to get to know the machine more thoroughly.

(M)SLA Value Comparison

A numeric value summarization for features I care about, the rough & simple formula:

XY Area [mm²] / Price [EUR] / XY Resolution [μm]

The bigger the XY area, the smaller the price and the smaller the resolution, the higher the value:

State 2024/11

PRINTER	year	XY RESOLUTION	Type	BUILD VOLUME XYZ	PRICE	Value
Elegoo Saturn 4	2024-	19μm x 24μm²⁾	MSLA	218x122x220	300 EUR	3.74
Elegoo Saturn 4 Ultra	2024-	19μm x 24μm²⁾	MSLA	218x122x220	400 EUR	2.81
Anycubic Photon Mono M5	2023-	19μm x 24μm²⁾	MSLA	218x123x200	410 EUR	2.72
Elegoo Mars 5 Ultra	2024-	18μm	MSLA	153x78x165	270 EUR	2.54
Anycubic Photon Mono X 6Ks	2023-	34μm	MSLA	196x122x200	280 EUR	2.51
Anycubic Photon Mono M7	2024-	17μm x 25μm²⁾	MSLA	223x126x230	450 EUR	2.49
Elegoo Saturn 3 Ultra	2023-	19μm x 24μm²⁾	MSLA	218x123x260	480 EUR	2.32
Anycubic Photon Mono 4K	2021-2022	35μm	MSLA	132x80x165	150 EUR	2.01
Anycubic Photon Mono X2	2023-	48μm	MSLA	196x122x200	260 EUR	1.91
Anycubic Photon Mono 2	2023-	35μm	MSLA	143x89x165	210 EUR	1.73
Elegoo Jupiter SE	2023-	51μm	MSLA	277x156x300	700 EUR	1.21
Anycubic Photon M7 Max	2025-	46μm	MSLA	298x164x300	900 EUR	1.18
EMake Galaxy 1	2023	25μm / 100μm¹⁾	SLA	400x200x400	2,700 EUR	1.18
Anycubic Photon M3 Max	2022-2024	45μm	MSLA	298x164x300	980 EUR	1.10
UltraCraft Reflex RS	2024-	30μm	MSLA	222x122x200	1,200 EUR	0.75
EMake LCD 16″ 8K	2024-	46μm	MSLA	353x198x400	2,700 EUR	0.56
Formlabs 3L	2020-2024	25μm / 100μm¹⁾	SLA	335x200x300	9,000 EUR	0.29
Formlabs 3+	2020-2024	25μm / 100μm¹⁾	SLA	146x145x185	3,500 EUR	0.24
Formlabs 4L	2024-	46μm	MSLA	353x196x350	11,000 EUR	0.14
Prusa SL1S	2021-	49μm	MSLA	127x80x180	1,700 EUR	0.12
Formlabs 4	2024-	50μm	MSLA	200x125x210	5,175 EUR	0.09

Formlabs 3’s & EMake SLA printers use a laser beam which has 100μm in diameter, but it can be positioned 25μm exact, the latter was used to calculate the value
The UV pixels are non-square, the longer side was used to calculate the value

References

Anycubic Photon Mono 4K specific:

github: Reverse Engineering Photon Mono 4K
github: Turbo Resin, alternative Firmware for Photon Mono 4K (2023/07: not yet complete)

General Photon Series MSLA:

Anycubic Photon Mono X2

github: SL1toPhoton, only supports .photon format, not .pw*
github: sl1toctb, sl1 to Chitubox file format
Photonsters.org: older Photon printers, not Photon S (pws) or Mono (pw0) yet
github: Catibo: read/write/analyze CTB, CBDDLP, and PHZ files

MSLA Slicers:

Miscellaneous

Jan Mrázek 3D Printing Blog: Resin: excellent information about resin printing

3D Printing: MSLA printing Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS) – Gallery

by Rene K. Mueller · published March 12, 2023 Art, Technology Art, Gallery, MSLA, Resin Printing, Triply Periodic Minimal Surface

Updates:

2023/07/25: adding 20mm/40mm TPMS photos
2023/03/12: starting write-up, and published

20mm cubes of several Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS) as explored at Generative Parametric Infill Geometries printed with MSLA (Anycubic Photon Mono 4K) at 35 μm XY, 50 μm Z:

Most of the cubes were printed without support, the cylindrical and spherical projections required supports.

Closeups

20mm and 40mm cubes of TPMS mounted on canvases:

9×10 20mm TPMS & Lattice Structures, 5×6 40mm TPMS & Lattice Structures

References

Generative Parametric Infill Geometries

3D Printing: Parametric Generative 3D Infill Geometries

by Rene K. Mueller · published February 9, 2023 Technology Generative Geometries, Generative Infill Geometries, Gyroid, Implicit Form, Neovius, Polyviuw, Schwarz D, Schwarz P, Triply Periodic Minimal Surface

Updates:

2023/02/09: finally published
2023/02/08: worked on text and illustrations a lot, many sample prints, multiple visualization approaches, details on f1 + f2 vs f1 * f2 and cylindrical and spherical transformation of TMPS
2023/01/05: adding mesh/voxel renderings, slicing geometry to generate G-code
2022/12/11: first FDM G-code generated using 2D / contour approach
2022/12/07: included many suitable periodic minimal surfaces
2022/12/02: start with implicit surface focus

As I progress I will update this blog-post.

Introduction

Infill geometries are geometries which are continuous, repetitive or periodic; they fill a boundary defined geometry aka outer form often defined via meshs. Let’s dive into some of the simple geometries and then looking at some more complex structures:

The Implicit Geometries

Implicit geometries are geometries defined via f(x,y,z) = 0 defining their surface, the boundary between inside and outside and they are ideal to define repetitive or periodic 3D infill geometries.

Sphere

Sphere: x² + y² + z² – r² = 0

When you ever tried to compose a sphere as a mesh, you know there are many ways to do so, and all are more complex than this simple description, and as you realize, the formula is perfect, it’s not an approximation – this is the nature of implicit formula. When you try to visualize an implicit formula, then you need to discretize and there the approximation takes place, as a mesh or as voxels.

Another nifty property of the sphere, it is the minimal surface to circumvent a volume, and through this blog-post, the minimal surface will become a common theme.

Cube

Cube: max(abs(x),abs(y),abs(z)) – w/2 = 0

Plane

Plane: z = 0

As I render only -10 to 10 to each axis, it creates a small plate:

Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS)

Let’s move to the world of minimal surfaces, so called Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS), those can be expressed in implicit form and have some properties as sought for infill geometries.

In differential geometry, a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) is a minimal surface in ℝ³ that is invariant under a rank-3 lattice of translations. These surfaces have the symmetries of a crystallographic group. Numerous examples are known with cubic, tetragonal, rhombohedral, and orthorhombic symmetries. Monoclinic and triclinic examples are certain to exist, but have proven hard to parametrise.
Wikipedia: Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS), retrieved 2023/02/08

Schwarz P aka Primitive

One of the simplest yet powerful formula:

Schwarz P: cos(x) + cos(y) + cos(z) = 0

increasing the frequency or scale of the structure:

By extending the formula with +a, we can animate it:

animating a: -1..1, transits from octahedron to cuboctahedron

Schwarz P 4x animated a: -1..1

Schwarz D aka Diamond

Schwarz D: sin(x)*sin(y)*sin(z) + sin(x)*cos(y)*cos(z) +
cos(x)*sin(y)*cos(z) + cos(x)*cos(y)*sin(z) = 0

Neovius

Neovius: 3*(cos(x)+cos(y)+cos(z)) + 4*cos(x)*cos(y)*cos(z) = 0

C(Y) Surface

C(Y) Surface: sin(x)*sin(y)*sin(z) + sin(2x)*sin(y) + cos(x)*sin(2y) + sin(2y)*sin(z) + sin(2z)*sin(x) + cos(x)*cos(y)*cos(z) + sin(2x)*cos(z) + cos(x)*sin(2y) + cos(y)*sin(2z) = 0

Fischer Koch

Fischer Koch: (cos(x)*cos(y)*cos(z) + cos(z)*cos(x)) –
(cos(2x)+cos(2y)+cos(2z)) = 0

S Surface

S Surface: cos(2x)*sin(y)*cos(z) + cos(2y)*sin(z)*cos(x) +
cos(2z)*sin(y)*cos(y) – 0.4 = 0

Gyroid

Gyroid: cos(x)*sin(y) + cos(y)*sin(z) + cos(z)*sin(x) = 0

FRD

FRD: 8 * a*cos(x)*cos(y)*cos(z) + b*(cos(2x)*cos(2y)*cos(2z)) –
c*cos(2x)*cos(2y) – d*cos(2y)*cos(2z) – e*cos(2z)*cos(2x)

Let’s explore this form more thoroughly, we animate a, b, c, d, and e and see what it does, essentially we animate -1 to 1 in sinus, 0 eliminates of the chunk of the formula:

animating a (-1..-1)

animating b (-1..1)

animating c (-1..1)

animating d (-1..1)

animating e (-1..1)

Gyroid Skeletal

Gyroid Skeletal: 10*cos(x)*sin(y)+cos(y)*sin(z)+cos(z)*sin(x)) –
0.5*(cos(2x)*cos(2y)+cos(2y)*cos(2z)+cos(2z)*cos(2x)) – 14

P Skeletal

P Skeletal: 10*(cos(x)+cos(y)+cos(z) –
5.1*(cos(x)*cos(y)+cos(y)*cos(z)+cos(z)*cos(x)) – 14.6

By changing the last substraction of 14.6 to 10 or 8, the structure get more dense – ideal to use.

P Skeletal, animating main subtraction -14.6(thin)..5.4(disconnected)

The P Skeletal connects 6 arms to each other.

IWP Skeletal

IWP Skeletal connects 8 arms to each other.

Schwarz D Skeletal

Schwarz D Skeletal connects with 4 arms to each other.

The above “skeletal” minimal surfaces are ideal for lattice structures, likely most usable in context of voxel-based 3D printing approaches, such as SLA, SLS, SLM and so forth, but less ideal for traditional FDM where the lattice is sliced Z-planar again kind of defeating the overall purpose of lattice structures.

D Surface

D Surface: cos(x)*cos(y)*cos(z) – sin(x)*sin(y)*sin(z)

As Juergen Meier created a variant, adding a, which gives these variants:

providing a structure using 4 arms to connect each other.

Miscellaneous

Using Implicit Geometries as Infill Structures

Slic3r and Prusa Slicer are providing gyroid infill pattern since early version, but beyond that it seems no to little development happened since (2022/12).

Let’s see how implicit geometry can be transformed into slices (FDM) or voxels/pixels (SLA, SLS etc)

Algorithm A: 3D Cache

create point cloud of surface of implicit geometry
create surface of implicit geometry using marching cube
(optional) determine x, y, z size where it repeats itself
slice surface for infills at certain scale
- clip inner surface with outer perimeter of slice

Pros

with caching: fast lookup of infill geometry

Cons

many steps
x, y, z repeatability must be given, hard to determine programmatically from outside
clipping to perimeter can be computational expensive depending

Algorithm B: 2D Cache

create 2D point cloud of a slice of implicit geometry based on clipped 2D area / slice
convert 2D point cloud to polylines (FDM) or pixels (SLA)

Pros

reduction to 2D problem at first stage
fast 2D point cloud creation as only one z-level is used

Cons

create 2D point cloud at arbitrary resolution, loss of curves unless refitted
caching without knowing repeatability of the geometry makes little sense

FDM G-code

Here some early G-code for FDM 3D printer using PyImplicit tool tracking the implicit surface as 2D contour:

Meshs & Voxels

The implicit surfaces only define the surface, either:

inside vs outside – a solid; or
certain thickness of such surface

In order to create watertight meshs the volume needs to be limited with a boundary box, and Marching Cube is performed from outside to get proper mesh to post-process afterwards.

Now you may wonder, what’s the fuss with all those forms, why doing this complicate implicit form, why not just create a few forms as meshs right away and repeat them orderly – well, here it comes why:

Frequency or Scale Gradients

Changing the frequency or scale s₀ and s₁ can be achieved by:

z_norm = (z-z_min) / (z_max-z_min)
s = (1-z_norm)*s₀ + z_norm*s₁ or
s = lerp(s₀, s₁, z_norm)
f = surface(x*s, y*s, z*s)

This shows the power of generative geometries, we simply can define the scale or frequency of a geometry at any point, given we transit within reason and not too sharply to cause discontinuty.

Thickness Gardients

Alike changing thickness:

z_norm = (z-z_min) / (z_max-z_min)
t = lerp(t₀, t₁, z_norm)
f = abs(surface(x,y,z)) – t

Form Gradients

Transit vertically from Schwarz D to Schwarz P (solid)

What looks very complex is done quite simply with:

z_norm = (z-z_min) / (z_max-z_min)
f = lerp(surface1(x,y,z) , surface2(x,y,z), z_norm)

This is quite powerful property, to be able to morph from one implicit form to another with such a simple formula.

Contineous Transitions:

Schwarz D – Schwarz P
Schwarz D – Neovius
Schwarz P – Neovius
thickness: IWP Skeletal – Schwarz P
thickness: IWP Skeletal – Schwarz D

Discontinueous Transitions:

IWP Skeletal – P Skeletal
IWP Skeletal – Neovius
solid: IWP Skeletal – Schwarz P
solid: IWP Skeletal – Schwarz D

Combining Implicit Surfaces

Additions

Algebraic addition has the effect of apply one geometry within another, alike recursion:

Multiplications

Algebraic multiplication has the effect of clipping, or geometrical intersection:

Mapping Implicit Surfaces

One can map the coordinates, and create a cylindrical gyroid, where former X & Y become distance and rotation angle, and Z remains as is, and so spherical projection is possible as well, or even feed coordinates through implicit formula itself:

Next blog-post(s) I will go into further details utilizing TPMS in Additive Manufacturing (AM) like FDM/FFF, SLA, MSLA, SLS, MJF or SLM – each one of them have unique features and limitation for using those Parametric Generative Infill Geometries.

Appendix: Visualization

In case you wondered of the different styled visualization through this blog-post, let me show you the different approaches to discretize implicit defined surfaces.

Voxels

The code is rather simple with OpenSCAD yet rather slow: either skin is true or false, and delta determines the thickness of the skin if enable:

t = 1;
r = 20*t;
st = 1/2;
delta = 0.2;

function schwarz_p(x,y,z,s=1) = cos(x*s) + cos(y*s) + cos(z*s);

skin = true;

for(x=[-r:st:r])
   for(y=[-r:st:r])
      for(z=[-r:st:r]) {
         f = schwarz_p(x,y,z,360/20/2);
         if(skin && abs(f)<delta)           // -- skin only
            translate([x,y,z]) cube(st);
         else if(!skin && f<delta)          // -- inside/outside
            translate([x,y,z]) cube(st);
      }

Rendered via voxelation:

Surface

Rendered in OpenSCAD via marching cube algorithm with Level Surfaces:

Volumes & Surfaces in OpenGL GLSL

Following experiments were done with Spirula/Implicit3 within the browser, the implicit formulas are rendered in realtime at 100-500 fps using OpenGL’s GLSL (GL Shader Language):

One has to clip the formulas with a cube in order to have a limited set, otherwise you get a full screen looking at infinite X, Y & Z, here Schwarz P:

Spirula/Implict3 realtime rendered Schwarz P TPMS in the browser

Meshs with Marching Cube

In order to create a mesh, I developed PyImplicit which utilizes Numpy library to calculate the implicit formula fast, and then run a Marching Cube algorithm over the result in order to get a discrete mesh like STL, OBJ, or 3MF to process further for 3D printing.

Foreground: 1st row: 90mm cube clipped of frequency gradients on Schwarz D, Schwarz P^*,
surface gradient between Schwarz D to Schwarz P (top) at certain thickness or solid,
2nd row: 2x IWP skeletal 90mm cubes at different frequency;
Background: various 30/40mm cube clipped Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces

*) some of my larger prints I attach RFID tags, e.g. as on top of the variable frequency Schwarz P print, which I store the print UID from my Prynt3r job which logs all my prints with all settings and webcam snapshots. In future blog-post I will illustrate my NFC/RFID setup.

And Polyviuw is a small mesh viewer using Polyscope Python as backend to display it as mesh:

It is easy to create huge files when exporting an implicit generative infill geometry and one ends up with a 700MB binary STL file, which becomes hard to view at least on my system. To handle complex outer forms, with complex inner geometries I estimate reaching multiple gigabytes large files – let’s see.

References

3D-Meier.de: Juergen Meier’s excellent write-up on Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (german only) with formulas & references
Commercial Software:
- nTopology.com: outer and inner geometry incl. simulation
- GeoDict.com: digital material development, deep dive into designing interior geometries
- Spherene.ch: Adaptive Density Minimal Surfaces (ADMS) software framework, startup
- Metafold3D.com: volumetric design, combining interior (infill) and exterior structures (mesh boundaries); cloud API, startup
Papers:
Github:
- Level Surfaces: OpenSCAD based 3D surface grapher (OpenSCAD)
- Spirula (WebGL), instant preview of implicit surfaces in browser using GPU
- PyMCubes, marching cubes
- Scaffolder, Python / Blender plugin mixing meshs with TPMS
Miscellaneous:
- From Triply Periodic Minimal Surface to Architecture by Catherine Zhang
- Inigo Quilez: Distance Functions, the jewels of SDFs / implicit formula

Prynt3r

by Rene K. Mueller · published January 22, 2023 Technology CLI, Prynt3r

Updates

2023/01/22: published, adding machine_uuid details
2023/01/09: keeping in sync with actual development
2022/12/28: starting writeup

Introduction

Prynt3r (prynt3r) is the Python reimplementation (2022) of my own Print3r (print3r) which was written in Perl back in ~2017.

Features

print, slice or preview 3D print jobs (gcode, stl, obj, 3mf, svg, scad, etc)
pure command-line interface (CLI)
multiple slicers are supported (slic3r, prusa, cura, kirimoto, mandoline, etc), yet, with common slicer agnostic settings
multiple printer profiles
remote/network printing built-in (tcp, rrf)
all prints are logged with all settings incl. unique identifier per print job¹⁾

ability to uniquely identify parts by attaching QR codes of RFID stickers with print UID to tie physical part with print job

Download

Github: Prynt3r

After download and installation, you can start to configure and use it:

Usage

          ____    .              __ _____         .
     *   / __ \_______* ______  / /|__  /_____                 *
        / /_/ / ___/ / / / __ \/ __//_ </ ___/  .         |             *
   .   / ____/ /  / /_/ / / / / /____/ / /              -=*=-      .
      /_/   /_/   \__, /_/ /_/\__/____/_/        *   .    |
                 /____/                     V0.0.8           *          .
      https://github.com/Spiritdude/Prynt3r

Prynt3r 0.0.8 USAGE: [<opts>] <cmd> <arg1> ...

   commands:
      slice <file1> ...    slice file(s) into single gcode, e.g. use -o <fn> or --output=<fn>
      print <file1> ...    slice and send gcode to printer local or remote, e.g. define -d <dev> or --device=<dev>
      preview <file1> ...  slice file(s) into single gcode and launch gcode viewer
      gconsole             starts interactive g-code console
      log [<s>] [#<n>]     list log, query term <s> or list log entry '#<n>', with --output or -o you can list only particul
ars
      client               start client process, so remote prynt3r can access it

   file-formats:
      stl, obj, off, 3mf, ply, scad, jscad, zcad, vdb, svg

   options:
      --help               print this message
      --version            print version and exit

      --device=<dev>       set device (default: /dev/ttyUSB0)
        -d <dev>

      --printer=<name>     set printer name (default: default)
        -p <name>

      --slicer=<slicer>    set slicer: cura, cura-legacy, cura4, cura5, curax, prusa, slic3r, slic3r-pe, slicer4rtn, cura-slicer, super, mandoline, 5dmaker, kirimoto, zplus, lab, vox3l, voxgl, metatron, enoch, goslice, (default: slic3r)
        -s <slicer>

      --gcode-viewer=<cmd> set gcode previewer (default: yagv)

      --verbose=<n>        increase verbosity
         -vvv
      --extended or -x     extended output, e.g. for 'log' command
      --quiet or -q        stay quiet, only output warnings or errors

      --output=<fn>        slice: slicing into a particular file 'prynt3r slice cube.stl -o test.gcode' or
         -o <fn>              log: 'prynt3r log -o uid,files,args' to list particular fields of the log file

      --placement=<loc>    set location: 'none', 'center', 'random' (default: none)

      --rotate=<x>,<y>,<z> rotate model(s)
      --scale=<f>          scale model(s) uniformly
      --scale=<x>,<y>,<z>  scale model(s), if value has 'mm' appended, then axis is set absolute
                              e.g. "0,0,20mm" scales model(s) to 20mm Z height, all axes with 0 scales
                              proportionally

      --multiply-part=<n>  multiply model(s)

      --recenter=<s>       recenter models (default: 1), recommended when rotating
      --relevel=<s>        relevel models (default: 1), recommended when rotating

      --uid=<uid>          set uid for print process (otherwise unique will be generated)
      --keep               keep all temporary files (for debugging)

      --scad               treat arguments as OpenSCAD code, e.g. --scad 'cube(20)'
         --scadlib=<lib>[,<lib2>]   consider libraries as well, e.g. --scadlib=parts.scad
      --zcad               treat arguments as OpenZCAD code
      --jscad              treat arguments as OpenJSCAD code

  slicing options (slicer independent):
      --machine-name=<v>         set machine name (default: "Unknown")
      --machine-uuid=<v>         set machine uuid (default: "")
      --machine-width=<v>        set machine width (default: 200.0)
      --machine-depth=<v>        set machine depth (default: 200.0)
      --machine-height=<v>       set machine height (default: 180.0)
      --nozzle-diameter=<v>      set nozzle diameter (default: "0.4")
      --line-width=<v>           set line width (default: 0.4)
      --layer-height=<v>         set layer height (default: "0.3")
      --filament-diameter=<v>    set filament diameter (default: "1.75")
      --fill-density=<v>         set fill density (default: "20")
      --temperature=<v>          set temperature (default: "200")
      --first-layer-temperature=<v> set first layer temperature (default: "210")
      --bed-temperature=<v>      set bed temperature (default: "45")
      --first-layer-height=<v>   set first layer height (default: "0.25")
      --first-layer-speed=<v>    set first layer speed (default: "20")
      --skirts=<v>               set skirts (default: "2")
      --brims=<v>                set brims (default: "0")
      --rafts=<v>                set rafts (default: "0")
      --support=<v>              set support (default: "none")
      --support-angle=<v>        set support angle (default: "60")
      --seam=<v>                 set seam (default: "aligned")
      --top-thickness=<v>        set top thickness (default: "0")
      --bottom-thickness=<v>     set bottom thickness (default: "0")
      --wall-thickness=<v>       set wall thickness (default: "0")
      --perimeters=<v>           set perimeters (default: "2")
      --top-layers=<v>           set top layers (default: "2")
      --bottom-layers=<v>        set bottom layers (default: "2")
      --start-gcode=<v>          set start gcode (default: "G28 X0 Y0\\nG1 X100 F6000\\nG28 Z0\\nM206 X0 Y-25 Z0.15\\n\n")
      --end-gcode=<v>            set end gcode (default: "G1 Y290 F6000\\nM104 S0\\nM140 S0\\nM84\\n")
      --abort-gcode=<v>          set abort gcode (default: "M104 S0 ; extruder heater off\\nM140 S0 ; heated bed heater off (if you have it)\\nG1 X10 F9000 ; go way to the left\\nM84     ; motors off\\n")
      --prepend-gcode=<v>        set prepend gcode (default: "")
      --retraction-length=<v>    set retraction length (default: "2")
      --retraction-speed=<v>     set retraction speed (default: "70")
      --print-speed=<v>          set print speed (default: "60")
      --travel-speed=<v>         set travel speed (default: "130")
      --perimeter-speed=<v>      set perimeter speed (default: "60")
      --small-perimeter-speed=<v> set small perimeter speed (default: "15")
      --infill-speed=<v>         set infill speed (default: "80")
      --bridge-speed=<v>         set bridge speed (default: "60")
      --extruders-count=<v>      set extruders count (default: "1")
      --cool-fan-speed=<v>       set cool fan speed (default: "100")
      --cool-fan-speed-min=<v>   set cool fan speed min (default: "30")
      --cool-fan-speed-max=<v>   set cool fan speed max (default: "100")

   examples:
      prynt3r print cube.stl
      prynt3r print cube.scad
      prynt3r -p prusa-i3 print --scad 'cube(20)'
      prynt3r -p ashtar-k-1 -s cura5 slice cube.3mf
      prynt3r -p ashtar-k-1 -s cura5 print structure.vdb -d tcp:192.168.1.32:0
      prynt3r -s prusa slice cube.stl -o a.gcode
      prynt3r preview cube.stl
      prynt3r log
      prynt3r log cube.stl -v
      prynt3r log '#100' -xv
      prynt3r log -o uid,args,files
      prynt3r -d /dev/ttyACM0 client &
      prynt3r -d /dev/ttyACM1 gconsole
      > M115

Setup

First you need to adjust the profile for your 3D printer(s):

% cd ~/.config/prynt3r/printer
% cp /usr/share/prynt3r/printer/default.ini myprinter.ini

as next edit myprinter.ini according the specifications of your printer, after that your profile is available as -p myprinter or --printer=myprinter when calling prynt3r:

% prynt3r -p myprinter print --scad 'cube(20)' --fill-density=0

Machine UUID

Optionally, if you run a bunch of 3D printers, define machine_uuid in your .ini file, which references the Marlin’s UUID or RepRapFirmware’s Board ID or as fallback the MAC of the Wi-Fi – this is what the machine_uuid is verified with on serial or remote connection.

Retrieve the UUID with

% prynt3r -d /dev/ttyACM0 gconsole

and then send M115 and M122, like:

Marlin M115

% FIRMWARE_NAME:Marlin 2.0.9.1 (Sep 23 2022 16:48:31) SOURCE_CODE_URL:github.com/MarlinFirmware/Marlin PROTOCOL_VERSION:1.0 MACHINE_TYPE:Ashtar K E3 #3 L8 EXTRUDER_COUNT:3 UUID:8309209b-1c20-11ed-861d-0122ac4e0002
Cap:SERIAL_XON_XOFF:0
Cap:BINARY_FILE_TRANSFER:0
Cap:EEPROM:1
Cap:VOLUMETRIC:1
Cap:AUTOREPORT_POS:0
Cap:AUTOREPORT_TEMP:1
Cap:PROGRESS:0
Cap:PRINT_JOB:1
Cap:AUTOLEVEL:0
Cap:RUNOUT:0
....

RepRapFirmware M122

RepRapFirmware for Duet 3 Mini 5+ version 3.4.0alpha (2021-07-09 08:59:45) running on Duet 3 Mini5plus Ethernet (standalone mode)
Board ID: ABR3A-KA67A-J03J0-40TFS-21D0Z-RTDXU
Used output buffers: 1 of 40 (2 max)
=== RTOS ===
Static ram: 102768
Dynamic ram: 105632 of which 0 recycled
Never used RAM 35304, free system stack 155 words
Tasks: NETWORK(ready,25.8%,546) ETHERNET(notifyWait,0.0%,662) HEAT(notifyWait,0.0%,361) Move(notifyWait,0.1%,302) CanReceiv(notifyWait,0.0%,939) CanSender(notifyWait,0.0%,371) CanClock(delaying,0.0%,340) TMC(notifyWait,1.1%,112) MAIN(running,72.1%,438) IDLE(ready,0.1%,29) AIN(delaying,0.8%,262), total 100.0%
Owned mutexes: USB(MAIN)
...

without Board ID, checking the WiFi MAC:

- WiFi -
Network state is active
WiFi module is connected to access point
Failed messages: pending 0, notready 0, noresp 0
Bad header: 0/0
WiFi firmware version 1.26-08S32-D
WiFi MAC address ad:15:a3:15:6c:95
WiFi Vcc 0.00, reset reason Power up
WiFi flash size 0, free heap 151828

A printer is identified with:

CLI: printer nickname with --printer=<nick> or -p <nick>
<nick>.ini: machine_name=“Full Name” where you write it out exactly, e.g. “Ashtar K #3 PAX”, which means it’s Ashtar K number 3 with PAX extension
<nick>.ini: machine_uuid=<uid> where you ensure the actual identity with the hardware at time of connecting

Networked Printing

You can print to a computer which has 3D printers connected to, if you run

prynt3r -d /dev/ttyACM0 client &
prynt3r -d /dev/ttyACM1 client &

on the host which has the printer(s) attached, and then on your main computer:

prynt3r -d tcp:host:0 -p myprinter1 print --scad 'cube(20)'
prynt3r -d tcp:host:1 -p myprinter2 print --scad 'cube(20)'

RepRapFirmware Wi-Fi/Ethernet

[Coming Soon] If you run RepRapFirmware like on Duet3D boards, then you can reference them as such:

% prynt3r -d rrf:192.168.0.100 -p myprinter1 print --scad 'cube(20)'

it will upload the .gcode and run it, yet, prynt3r will wait until the print is finished.

Prynt3r vs Print3r

So far the slicer independent settings of Print3r are the same as for Prynt3r, so you can migrate the ~./config/print3r/printer/* into ~/.config/prynt3r/printer/* simply, the same with the macros.

Migrate from Print3r to Prynt3r

cd ~
mkdir .config/prynt3r
cp -rp .config/print3r/* .config/prynt3r/

The same as print3r:

printer profiles
slicer profiles incl. mapping
macro profiles
protocol for remote printing

The differences as print3r:

new: better usage output with actual list of slicer independent settings
new: written in Python
new: smaller code-base (Py ~1.2K lines vs Perl 4.1K lines)
- one main reason is using trimesh doing import/export/manipulation of meshs incl. diverse mesh formats
removed: no gcode rendering into PNG

References

Print3r

Misc: Formnext 2022 Review

by Rene K. Mueller · published November 21, 2022 Technology 3devo, Adaxis, AiBuild, Bloom Robotics, Breton, CreateItREAL, CreatItREAL, DropEffect, Duplex3D, Formnext 2022, FreeD Printing, Inkbit, Metalworm, Multec, Namma, Nanodimension, NematX, Nexa3D, Phaetus, Quantica, Snapmaker, VShaper, Xact Metal

Updates:

2022/11/21: published
2022/11/19: starting writeup

Introduction

Formnext 2022 was a 4 days Additive Manufacturing (AM) event in Frankfurt (Germany) November 15-18 2022, and it had ~750 exhibitors, two huge halls numbered 11 and 12 each with two floors. I attended the 4 days and it was pretty overwhelming. I try to give an overview, for myself to process what I saw, and perhaps for you who couldn’t attend.

E3D Online

E3D is an old timer among 3D printing enthusiasts, so I start with their booth:

I was surprised to get to know E3D manufactures for UltiMaker their CC printcore.

Duet3D

Duet3D is a small UK-based company, but very influential due their excellent and often praised customer support and support forum aside of their slowly expanding board selection:

I met Tony Lock, and we discussed current state of multi-axis support in Duet/RepRapFirmware, and he showed me the Open5X by Freddie Hong printing non-planar as crafted by FullControl.xyz

White parts sliced by Prusa Slicer, the black parts constructed with FullControl.xyz

I briefly pitched my new tool VirtualGcodeController (vgcodectl) which sits between printing program and the device, and able to change G-code on the fly, transparently bi-directional – as I was told Duet has an alike infrastructure called Duet Software Framework (DSF) which I wasn’t aware of.

Also check this brief interview by Mihai Design:

Multec

At german-based Multec booth I saw a multi-printhead setup with a rotating seal to prevent the inactive printheads leak filament – and a precise mechanism to lift the inactive printheads (patented):

3devo

Dutch-based company providing infrastructure to mix and extrude your own filament, not just for mixing different colors, but also different materials and achieve custom material properties – the only downside is the price-tag of those desktop filament extruders starting at 10K EUR – which is too high for its functionality for prosumers, and seems to aim for R&D departments of larger companies.

Commercial Slicers

As I have been entering slicing development more seriously, and closely paid attention to possible competitors or collaborators – and interestingly, the majority responded positively when I approached them:

CreateItREAL

A small danish company, who recently patented interlocking (Z-offsetted layers) printing patterns.

I had a brief chat with Folmer Gringer Brem about industrial slicer capabilities and customer needs, and what I have researched the past year.

Adaxis

A new french company is providing non-planar 5-axis slicer with a nice GUI, and were open enough to give an actual demo and I was impressed by the responsiveness of the GUI but were tight-lipped to reveal anything about the internals – 5-axis slicer with infill patterns:

FreeD Printing

A small 2 person german company, a spin-off from the university Bochum, also coding 5-axis non-planar slicer, showing a small desktop 6-axis robot to print an overhang model, their own logo, and it has infill – which means, they actually did properly slice 5-axis G-code. They were reluctant to go into the details, as their IP represent their core asset as a company:

AiBuild

AiBuild has a huge booth, lots of advertising, has been very secretive last year as they didn’t want to demo their software without NDA to anyone – but while attending Formnext 2022 I was able to get to talk to people who purchased the software, and all of them have been giving me strange feedback: a sort of underwhelming sensation – the software is costly and not deliver what is advertised: you need to know a lot of slicing in order to use the software – there is nothing “Ai” (Artificial Intelligence) as the company name implies, at least not with their slicing software.

On their booth they had the usual non-planar printed pieces, but none of them had infill, so they all are printed in vase-mode or single wall.

One feature I saw though impressed me, it was the live quality control they implemented, having a nozzle camera and machine learning / AI to determine over- and under-extrusion – something which I would say one should have under control, but perhaps it was to illustrate the detection mechanism.

VShaper

Poland-based 5-axis printer manufacturer has progressed in hardware and software, and developed their own 5-axis slicer – the simulation shown as the actual printer prints – overall well designed.

I had a brief chat with Adam Wajda about the state of their hardware/software stack, very open and friendly exchange.

Duplex3D

Hungary-based startup with a dual delta setup printing upside and downside at the same time. They were present last year Formnext 2021 already but with an inactive printer, and this time showing the printer in action:

Beside reducing print-time the printer also is able to print pieces which otherwise are hard or impossible print when layer orientation is given and surface quality is of high priority.

UltiMaker

The newly merge Ultimaker + MakerBot = UltiMaker had no booth again, hardly any presence – the marketing / sales department seems in hybernation to skip such as event without their own booth, no hardware innovation on display, perhaps there is nothing (new) to show.

I visited the 3dimensional booth and someone showed me how to print “metal” (just steel as it turned out) with BASF metal filament on a Ultimaker S5, and having everything needed in a nice box and then send off to wash & sinter.

Snapmaker

Snapmaker announced a new machine called Snapmaker Artisan: single head operation, yet changeable heads: FDM head, CNC head, laser head – very sturdy desktop machine, using linear motors:

NematX

Bleeding edge high temperature resisting materials, and to show the applications they built a most precise FDM printer I have seen so far – Chiara Mascolo briefly showed me the machine and samples:

Nexa3D

Massive SLA and SLS machines shown:

Formlabs

The Formlabs booth was well visited, and it was hard to take photos until the last day of the expo – so just a brief video of the Form 3+ printing below:

Quantica

German-based startup printing with 7 different light curable materials at the same time, drop size / resolution at 60um with the NovoJet C-7 – quite impressive, with the ability to blend drops or let them cure side-by-side giving new possibilities of material gradients in 3D space:

They also provide a station for fluid testing & development, so you can engineer your own material to print with. Even though this was a small both it was for me from a technical point of view most innovative I have seen so far.

Nanodimension

As I was looking at resin printheads, I was approaching Global Inkjet Systems (GIS) – a subdivision of Nanodimension:

Fabrica 2.0: impressive 2um resolution, but as consequence 1mm height / hr print speed, SLA/DLP
Admaflex 300: 35-88um XY resolution, 10-200um layer height, up to 60mm/hr height print speed, resin combined with ceramic/metal printing

Inkbit

A massive industrial resin jetting 3D printer, build-volume at 500 x 250 x 200 mm printing with wax as support material. It is a closed-loop system, it prints, cures and measures the actual layers and adjusts live for the next layer – achieving 100um precision, yet only for industrial application due the cost of 1M USD per machine.

They developed their own packing algorithm in order to achieve high density packing ratio.

Breton

Italian-based “Betron Genesi” 4000 x 1900 x 1300mm build volume along with high volume extrusion (~20mm nozzle, layer height ~4-5mm based on my own photos) having excellent extrusion precision, along their real time temperature control:

Additionally is is a hybrid able to run also CNC milling on the same machine for post-processing.

Phaetus & DropEffect

Visited Phaetus expecting to just meet sales people instead I ran into Maximilian Arnold, owner of DropEffect which designs hotends under his own brand but also for chinese-based Phaetus as R&D director. I showed him photos of my early prototype of a Multi-In Mixing Hotend supposed to be printed in Aluminium and he immediately commented on my design and gave me useful input – unexpected interesting and fruitful exchange.

A brief interview with Max conducted by MihaiDesigns:

XAct Metal

This booth impressed by the samples they showed:

Cobalt Chrome, Chrome Cobalt, Titanium, Bronze, Inconel, Aluminium

Namma

France-based company combining FDM and CNC together:

What you achieve with this is incredible precise plastic pieces at 20um precision, while maintaining 500 x 500 x 500mm respectively 1000 x 500 x 500mm build-volume. They are milling with a round drill bit – CNC toolpath is calculated by Autodesk’s Fusion 360 though.

Metalworm

Turkish-based company wire arc welding with 6-axis robot:

Bloom Robotics

Massive ABB 6-axis robot FDM printing on a rotating 2-axis bed . . . with shiny cyan/pink/violet lights, a bit of an overkill with the lights, but the setup was impressive:

Miscellaneous

Aftermath

It has been overwhelming expo for me, 4 days in noisy halls, constant audible and visual stimuli grown tiresome for me as I was eager to absorb all; I can say I looked at every single booth, and decided within few seconds if something caught my attention, and I knew to lookout for things I did not know or a company I did not recognize – for new companies in the arena of Additive Manufacturing. It took me a single day to roam both floors of a single hall, so at least it takes 2 days to explore two halls of the expo – and if you happen to explore a booth for more than a few mins, you end up with 3-4 days attending easily.

So, the overall impression of mine has been:

3D printing / Additive Manufacturing (AM) specializes into niches more and more
resins printed as drops at high resolution & precision
paste-like materials get printed in high extrusion quality
metal printing showing incredible wide-variety in regards of materials
industrial machines are still pricey but seem to me become more affordable, instead of 10M’s they are becoming 100K – 1M while maintaining same functionality
multi-axis FDM with robots become more established to print large scale parts
in-process/live quality control and logging/documentation for FDM and powder-based processes
many startups still coming up with new or refined existing processes
gap between prosumer and affordable industrial machines is closing
quite open atmosphere, people are willing to share and discuss their technology, collaboration seems more important than eyeing on each as competitors

Some impressions of Frankfurt (Germany) . . .

That’s it.

3D Design: Parametric Mixing FDM Hotend with Metal Printing

by Rene K. Mueller · published November 19, 2022 Technology AlSi10Mg, Hotend, Inhouse Development, Metal 3D Printing, Multi-In Mixing, Prototypying, SLM

Status: early prototype, metal printed model, temperature testing, no extruding yet

Updates:

2023/01/09: iteration 2 testing results
2022/11/22: early heating tests, no extruding yet
2022/11/21: iteration 1: SLM AlSi10Mg metal printed photos added
2022/11/19: published finally
2022/09/10: adding photos of PLA+ prototype
2022/09/02: starting writeup

This blog-post will be updated as I progress.

Introduction

I experimented with the Diamond Hotend in the past, but I was limited with the setup given – and adding another color or otherwise change the design seemed impossible, but it has changed now.

Metal 3D printing has been a niche and high priced application the past years, but in 2022 many 3D printing services support:

stainless steel: low heat conductivity 15W/mK
aluminium: good heat conductivity 210W/mK, yet low melting point 660C°
inconel: low heat conductivity 15W/mK
titanium: low heat conductivity 17W/mK

at relatively low price and all of the sudden designing a FDM mixing hotend, where multiple filaments are mixed together before exiting the nozzle – like with the Diamond Hotend – can be printed in metal, like with aluminium – so, I started to design a Parametric Mixing Hotend.

Concept

parametric design with 2 up to 6 filaments inputs
combine heatblock, heatbreak and heatsink, make it compact
permit ordinary nozzles (MK8/E3D V6), using M7 thread
orient heat cartridge vertically (like a E3D Volcano) to support up to 0.8mm nozzles
single 30mm fan for heatsink
using PC4 M10 or M4 pneumatic couplers as intakes

Pros:

mixing colors: 2 to 6 colors, CMY(KW), actual true color printing
fast switching of materials, given they have similar extrusion temperature

Cons:

filaments must be present in order to withstand backpressure even if not printed
filaments must be printed eventually, otherwise ‘bake’ in the hotend

Challenges:

controlling actual mixing in the chamber, e.g. creating turbulence to mix properly
- creating turbulences may limit retraction, which is anyway not easy with mixing hotends

Gallery

The filament channels:

Mounting options, plain mounting holes 3x 20mm, or plate with 3x 40mm holes:

and adding my Parametric Part Cooler:

Gallery

Early prototype printed in cold white eSun PLA+ 0.25mm layer height (~1h 20m print time):

iterations of prototype, model printed in PLA+ (frontside)

Adding nozzle, heat cartridge, heat thermistor, heatsink fan and pneumatic couplers PC4 M6:

Multi-in Mixing Hotend PLA prototype (sideview)

and just testing my Parametric Part Cooler using 50×15 blower fan:

2-in Mixing Hotend prototype with 30mm fan mounted Part Cooler

which very likely leads to have a some sort of thermal insulator aka silicon sock for lower part of the heat chamber and nozzle.

Metal Printing

The first attempt to order with WeNext using SLM failed, they were not able to find a way to print it without support, which was surprising as powder-based metal printing¹⁾– the removal of support was not guaranteed, so I canceled the order.

SLM powder-based printing requires support structure to counter act geometric distortion when sintering, when the piece shrinks.

The 2nd attempt with PCBWay – disclosure: they approached me a couple of weeks later to sponsor metal printing process, which I agreed on – also using SLM AlSi10Mg at first looked good at first, but then they also needed to add supports once the production step came close, and then I followed up and approved the production. The order was submitted November 5, and 14 days later the piece was at my door.

Parametric Mixing Hotend, 2-in SLM in AlSi10Mg (printed by PCBWay)

the print quality is excellent, the supports have been removed pretty much with little remains (between the cooling plates a few spikes remained but they have no functional influence)
a bit rough surface overall, more than I expected; which means, the inner holes are also rough and likely add friction to the motion of the filament

Preassembled with MK8 0.4mm nozzle, 30mm fan, heat cartridge and thermistor:

and 2x PC4-M6 threaded, with PTFE tubes:

Mixing Hotend: SLM AlSi10Mg 3D Printed Hotend fully assembled

Heating

My test rig:

Mellow Fly Super8 V1.2 running RepRapFirmware with two stepper motors attached driving two extruders in Bowden style

Test rig: Mellow Fly Super8 running RepRapFirmware 3.4.1, two steppers/extruders with custom mixing hotend printed in SLM AlSi10Mg (Aluminium)

Pass 1: First results

I heated to 50C°, 80C° and 100C°:

thermistor does poor job to measure actual temperature at the heatblock ~20C° off
heat conductivity to nozzle is very poor, barely heat up at all (when thermister reports 100C°) – very surprising
heat piles up from the heart cartridge cables
the fan cools barely, could be better

Pass 2: Adding thermal paste

adding thermal paste for the thermistor and nozzle thread
running M303 for 100C° and keeping it at 100C° for 10mins

lowest heatsink fin reaches 50C° – also connects to heatsink fan
nozzle looks cold (but when touching it it is hot), filament will definitely melt above
heat block has consistent heat distribution

Pass 3: Setting 150C°

nozzle looks cold on the thermal camera, but definitely is hot

heatblock is at ~120C° while thermistor reports 150C°
the filament pipe above the heatblock is at 100C°
the nozzle looks cold, but is hot at 105C° when touching with 2nd thermistor, an issue with reflective brass not properly showing proper thermal reading

Pass 4: Lowering Fan

As the lowest fin heats up significantly, as a first remedy I lowered the heatsink fan a bit:

lowest fin is cooler, also overall better air flow; the fins seems a bit too thick, thinner would be better
lower end of heat block has near set temperature, delta of just ~5C°

Conclusion Pass 1-4

make heatbreak section of pipes thinner
optionally have PTFE tubes until lower end of heatsink for smooth motion of filament
make fins thinner
lower heatsink fan by one fin

Putting Kapton tape on brass nozzle in order to get accurate temperature reading

Iteration 2

After the tests, I changed the design slightly:

thinner pipes to lessen heat transfer to the heatsink
a few wings on the fins to increase heat dissepation
thinner fins so the air flows better

Submitted to PCBWay 2022/11/29 for manufacturing review, a day later I was informed of thin walls of the pipes near the heatbreak (<1mm) and I gave OK to manufacture.

The thin heatbreak walls seemed to help:

ability to heat up to 210°C nominal, some parts reach 220°C, but nozzle is around 210°C
30mm fan performs well
40mm fan removes too much heat, no possible to reach 210°C anymore
heatbreak pipes are still too thick, too much heat flows away (hence 30mm vs 40mm fan)
first extrusion worked, but after 1-2min both channels are blocked, near lowest fin of the heatbreak, to clear the blockage, I removed the fan and heated to 180°C and allow entire hotend to reach ~90°C, then with 0.4mm needle and 1.8mm copper wire was able to clear the blocked section

Conclusion

Heatbreak is most critical, and has to be short and has to be a hard cut temperature gradient-wise – and 0.5mm wall thickness is still too much. So, regardless of cooling fan on the heatsink, if the heatbreak is too thick, too much heat creeps up or away – it’s not a matter of cooling capacity, but conductivity.

Todo

~~metal printed version (aluminium)~~, done 2022/11/21
heating tests (on-going)
test prints with multiple filaments
- 2 inputs, e.g. complementary colors (Black/White: Grey Shades, Yellow/Violet: Red Shades)
- 3 inputs, e.g. CYM: saturated colors only
- 5 inputs, e.g. CYMKW: full spectrum colors
silicon socks for all variants, as part cooler will introduce otherwise heating instabilities

References

Diamond Hotend: 3 color mixing hotend experiments
PCBWay 3D Printing: metal printing service used
WeNext: another metal printing service considered

Misc: XCR3D 3in1-S1 aka Bigtree ZSYong 3in1 (Switching/Non-Mixing) Hotend

by Rene K. Mueller · published November 12, 2022 Technology 3in1 Switching Hotend, Hotend, Multi-In Switching, XCR3D

Updates:

2022/09/10: designing part cooler for its
2022/08/29: starting

Introduction

The XCR3D 3in1 S1 aka Bigtree ZSYong 3in1 is a neat 3 in 1 out switching hotend (non-mixing):

XCR3D 3in1-S1 – 3in / 1out (switching, non-mixing)

Pros:

cost effective with EUR 20-24 (2022/09) complete with heat cartridge, thermistor, 3xPTFE tubes, 30mm fan

Cons:

nozzle / heatblock asymmetry: the heatblock extends right-side ~2mm
clumsy fan fastening between heatsink ribs
slightly overengineered otherwise, too much mass for the basic functionality

XCR3D 3in1-S1

BigTreeTech ZSYong 3in1

NF THC-01 3in1

Very similar, but with symmertric E3D V6 heatsink:

Clones of Clones

It seems to me, the this 3-in-1 hotend with hexagon heatsink, was cloned from NF THC-01 3in1, and likely engineered by a small company, and now brands like BigTreeTech, XCR3D and others purchase in bulk the hotend black/red anodized and their white brand stamp on the hotend.

What makes things truly confusing is that the hotends from China have terrible naming, e.g. “3in1” and “2in1” are used for switching and mixing hotends, which are quite different functionalities, and otherwise the name does not distinct designs.

Part Cooler

I adapted the Parametric Part Cooler using 50×10 blower fan for the XCR3D 3in1 S1 as well:

XCR3D 3in1-S1 / BigTreeTech ZSYong 3in1 mounted on Ashtar C #1

Download Part Cooler

Printables: XCR3D 3in1 / Bigtree ZSYong 3in1 Part Cooler (STL model)
Thingiverse: XCR3D 3in1 / Bigtree ZSYong 3in1 Part Cooler (STL model)

As you can see on the illustration and photos, put the part cooler on the heatsink, and then 30mm heatsink fan on top. The part cooler itself requires 50x15mm blower fan.

It is a bit fiddly as there are no clear threads for the screws on the heatsink, so the first mounting is crucial to thread properly.

Marlin 2.0.x Configuration

In Configuration.h one has to update the thermistor type:

#define TEMP_SENSOR_0 5    // changed from 1 to 5

...

#define PID_FUNCTIONAL_RANGE 25   // changed from 10 to 25

recompile, upload/update firmware and then run via G-code console the autotune PID procedure:

M303

and after 3-5 mins or so, when the autotune is done, save settings in EEPROM:

M500

and one is done.

Conclusion

I really struggled to get decent quality prints first, as somehow the temperature reports were off by 40C°, and various Google searches gave the same wrong answers, the seller did not give proper detailed information about the thermistor either. Eventually at Amazon one customer gave the relevant information ATC Semitec 104GT-2/104NT-4-R025H42G and defining TEMP_SENSOR_0 5 in Marlin gave sane results.

Retraction settings are in my case 3mm at 70mm/s with apprx. 500mm long Bowden tube on my Ashtar C (CoreXY 400x400x380) and also Ashtar K #3 (300x300x360).

Ashtar K #3 with XCR3D 3in1-S1 hotend with 3 rolls of filament

I really like the switching filament solution close to the hotend, compared to other multi-material solutions where materials are switched far away from the hotend; e.g. switching material is faster, but one has to still purge one material/color by 30-50mm filament – so I tend to use the multi-material/color feature for fast switching colors for single material/color prints.

Following procedure I use when switching material:

heat up nozzle
purge 30-40mm regardless
retract 55mm at 70mm/s
switch to new material/color (e.g. “T1“)
push 55mm at 70mm/s forward
extrude/purge 30-40mm filament
start actual print
[ … ]
end print
retract 55mm at 70mm/s
switch to “T0“
push 55mm at 70mm/s forward [note: not purging material/color transition]

so by default “T0” is ready to be printed. In order the print with the other materials, I have two macros with Print3r e3-t1 and e3-t2.

print3r --printer=ashtar-c-1 print cube.stl @e3-t1
print3r --printer=ashtar-c-1 print cube.stl @e3-t2

~/.config/print3r/macro/e3-t1:

prepend_gcode="G91\nT0\nG1 E20 F100\nG1 E-55 F3000\nT1\nG1 E55 F3000\nG1 E30 F100\nG90\nG92 E0\n"
end_gcode="G1 Y{$machine_depth-10} F6000\nG92 E0\nG91\nG1 E-2 F2000\nM140 S0\nM104 S0\nG1 E-55 F3000\nT0\nG1 E55 F3000\nM84\nG90\n"

and ~/.config/print3r/macro/e3-t2:

prepend_gcode="G91\nT0\nG1 E20 F100\nG1 E-55 F3000\nT2\nG1 E55 F3000\nG1 E30 F100\nG90\nG92 E0\n"
end_gcode="G1 Y{$machine_depth-10} F6000\nG92 E0\nG91\nG1 E-2 F2000\nM140 S0\nM104 S0\nG1 E-55 F3000\nT0\nG1 E55 F3000\nM84\nG90\n"

The way it is composed: start_gcode + prepend_gcode + slicing G-code + end_gcode.

Sourcing / Purchase

Declogging

As it happened to me several times, the hotend clogs up and the reason is often the filament is not hot enough, and when pulling back/retracting it forms a long pointy drag, and might break and the next cold filament jams in further down, but not enough to melt – it clogs up eventually.

First solution is to heat hotend at 240C° at least, not more than 250C° because of the PTFE – and try to push with filament on top, eventually some of the clogging might melt and free the nozzle.

Second solution is removing the lower part with heatbreak, heatblock, by opening the worm screws at the heatsink, and review the PTFE intake:

References

XCR3D 3in1 / Zsyong 3in1 mockup (STL model)

Introduction

Features

Installing MicroPython (no WiFi)

Adadfruit ampy

Booting Module

No WiFi (Yet)

Installing CircuitPython (no WiFi)

Install once Bootloader

Running Code on CircuitPython

No WiFi Yet

References

Printer Controllers

Single Board Computer (SBC)

Embedded Single Board Computer (eSBC)

Microcontrollers

Introduction

Default Settings

Various Resins

Mono 4K vs Mono X2 vs Mono M3 Max

Photon Mono X2 vs Creality LD-006: Details Matter

Slicer Support

Photon Mono X2 Drip Hook

Third Party Market

Spring Steel Plate

Motherboard

Preliminary Review Mono X2

Addendum

Printing Procedure

Consumer MSLA vs Professional SLA/MSLA

(M)SLA Value Comparison

References

Introduction

FDM/FFF vs Resin

Print Settings

Photon Workshop on Linux

Chitubox for Linux

Lychee Slicer for Linux

Prusa SLA Slicer

.photon/ctb/cbddlp vs .pw*

PWS vs SL1

Replacing Firmware

Custom MSLA Slicer

Open MSLA Format

Requirements of Open MSLA Format

First Print

Curing Station

Keeping Resin in the Vat

Drip Hook

Spring Steel Build Plate

(One of) My Use Case

Settings

Preliminary Review

Verdict

(M)SLA Value Comparison

References

Miscellaneous

Closeups

References

Introduction

The Implicit Geometries

Sphere

Cube

Plane

Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS)

Schwarz P aka Primitive

Schwarz D aka Diamond

Neovius

C(Y) Surface

Fischer Koch

S Surface

Gyroid

FRD

Gyroid Skeletal

P Skeletal

IWP Skeletal

Schwarz D Skeletal

D Surface

Miscellaneous

Using Implicit Geometries as Infill Structures

Algorithm A: 3D Cache

Adadfruit `ampy`